Coupled galactic density-wave modes in a composite system of thin stellar and gaseous discs

A rotating disc galaxy is modelled as a composite system consisting of thin stellar and gaseous discs, which are described by a two-fluid modal formalism. The composite disc system is assumed to retain axisymmetry in the background equilibrium. General density-wave perturbations in the two discs are coupled through the mutual gravitational interaction. We study the basic properties of open and tight spiral density-wave modes in such a composite disc system. Within the Lindblad resonances, perturbation enhancements of surface mass density in stellar and gaseous discs are in phase; this is also true during the initial growth phase of density-wave perturbations. Outside the Lindblad resonances, there exists a possible spiral density-wave branch for which perturbation enhancements of surface mass density in stellar and gaseous discs are out of phase. We discuss implications of these results on the critical parameters for global star formation in barred and normal spiral galaxies and on magnetohydrodynamic density waves within the Lindblad resonances.     

The evolution of galactic discs

We use recent observations of high-redshift galaxies to study the evolution of galactic discs over the redshift range 0 <  z ≲1. The data are inconsistent with models in which discs were already assembled at z  = 1 and have evolved only in luminosity since that time. Assuming that disc properties change with redshift as powers of 1 +   z and analysing the observations assuming an Einstein–de Sitter universe, we find that for given rotation speed, disc scalelength decreases with z as ∼ (1 +  z )⁻¹, total B -band mass-to-light ratio decreases with z as ∼ (1 +  z )⁻¹, and disc luminosity (again in B ) depends only weakly on z . These scalings are consistent with current data on the evolution of disc galaxy abundance as a function of size and luminosity. Both the scalings and the abundance evolution are close to the predictions of hierarchical models for galaxy formation. If different cosmogonies are compared, the observed evolution in disc size and disc abundance favours a flat low-Ω₀ universe over an Einstein–de Sitter universe.     

Stability of power-law discs — I. The Fredholm integral equation

The power-law discs are a family of infinitesimally thin, axisymmetric stellar discs of infinite extent. The rotation curve can be rising, falling or flat. The self-consistent power-law discs are scale-free, so that all physical quantities vary as a power of radius. They possess simple equilibrium distribution functions depending on the two classical integrals, energy and angular momentum. While maintaining the scale-free equilibrium force law, the power-law discs can be transformed into cut-out discs by preventing stars close to the origin (and sometimes also at large radii) from participating in any disturbance. This paper derives the homogeneous Fredholm integral equation for the in-plane normal modes in the self-consistent and the cut-out power-law discs. This is done by linearizing the collisionless Boltzmann equation to find the response density corresponding to any imposed density and potential. The normal modes — that is, the self-consistent modes of oscillation — are found by requiring the imposed density to equal the response density. In practice, this scheme is implemented in Fourier space, by decomposing both imposed and response densities in logarithmic spirals. The Fredholm integral equation then relates the transform of the imposed density to the transform of the response density. Numerical strategies to solve the integral equation and to isolate the growth rates and the pattern speeds of the normal modes are discussed.     

Bars and the symmetry of star formation patterns in the discs of spiral galaxies

We present a test for the degree of symmetry in the distribution of the Hα brightness along the arms of a sample of spiral galaxies. The test consists of deriving the cross-correlation function of the Hα brightness as a function of curvilinear distance along pairs of opposed arms, after unfolding the arms geometrically. Our results reveal a significantly greater degree of symmetry in the non-barred population than in the barred. We derive parameters for both bar strength and bar ellipticity, and compare these with the derived cross-correlations to strengthen this conclusion. We suggest that density waves are a probable cause for the appearance of global, i.e. disc-wide, two-fold symmetry in spiral discs. Comparison with published work on abundance gradients in the discs of barred and non-barred galaxies indicates that, as for the abundances, mixing in the spiral disc as a result of the bar potential may well be responsible for our observation that stronger bars are related to reduced two-fold symmetry in the distribution of star-forming regions along the spiral arms.     

西折台风的诊断研究

利用欧洲中心格点场资料，对１９８０－１９９２年９例北上西折台风进行诊断分析。结果表明，当达到一定强度的台风西折时，其移动路径左前侧常有暖平流增强，水汽通量辐合增大，不稳定层结加强，高空辐散和整层气旋性环流增强，以及在这些物理变量中心增大区的相迭区有整层降高中心，从而引起台风向负变高中心移动。     

铁路既有曲线整正测量方法

给出了全站仪任意点设站测量既有曲线上点的坐标的方法，对曲线整正中半径选择、缓和曲线长度选配、拨距计算方法进行了探讨，讨论的方法及推导的公式可以直接应用于既有曲线整正作业。     

CT机器、图像后处理技术的新进展

1）CT机的进展：CT机器自问世以来，随着计算机技术、探测器技术、X线技术的不断及发展以及新的微电子和显微技术不断的应用于CT机，从而提高了CT机的性能，标志着CT扫描从层面扫描到螺旋扫描的换代。2）图象后处理技术：螺旋CT的出现及计算机软件的开发，利用导航技术做出具有3D仿真内窥镜的图象，既（VE），这种新的影像学方法，引起了广泛的关注。     

Experimental investigation of blade and propeller loads: Steady turning motion

This paper is the continuation of the work described in [14], dedicated to the presentation of the results of propeller performance in behind-hull during straight ahead motion obtained by a novel experimental set-up for the measurements of single blade loads. In the present case, the study shows and discusses the single blade and propeller loads developed during steady turning conditions, that were simulated by means of free running, self propelled maneuvering tests for a twin screw configuration. Maneuvering conditions are critical for the ship propulsion system, because the performance of the propeller and the side effects related to its functioning (propeller–hull induced pressure and vibrations, noise) are completely different with respect to the design condition in straight ahead motion. Thrust and torque and generation of in-plane loads (force and moments), developed by the blade during the period, evolve differently for the two propellers, due to different propeller–wake interactions. The understanding and the accurate quantification of propeller loads, in these realistic operative scenarios, are pivotal to design low emission and comfortable ships, fulfilling the requirements of safety and continuity of operations at sea. The analysis is carried out revisiting the investigation in [14] for three different speeds (F_N = 0.26, 0.34 and 0.40) and a large set of rudder angles that span moderate and tight maneuvers.     

多排螺旋CT直接法与间接法成像用于下腔静脉CT测量的对比研究

目的:对比多排螺旋CT直接法下腔静脉成像测量径线,与间接法下腔静脉成像测量径线是否存在差异。方法:回顾性分析30例(男14例,女16例,年龄23~65岁,中位年龄44岁)直接法下腔静脉成像的患者图像,收集30例(男10例,女20例,年龄20~66岁,中位年龄43岁)腹部增强检查患者静脉期图像。通过GE adw4.6后处理工作站对原始图像行MIP、MPR重建,分别测量下腔静脉右心房入口、第一肝门、肾盂、左右髂总静脉分叉上方平面的长径、短径,并测量左肾静脉汇入下腔静脉上方1cm处下腔静脉CT值。结果:下腔静脉右心房入口、第一肝门、肾盂、髂总静脉分叉上方平面的长径及短径,直接法成像分别为(3.02±0.44,2.06±0.32)、(2.29±0.49,1.39±0.52)、(2.46±0.44,1.73±0.45)、(2.30±0.38,1.66±0.46);间接法成像分别为(2.88±0.43,1.95±0.31)、(2.37±0.59,1.17±0.37)、(2.28±0.32,1.63±0.31)、(2.25±0.21,1.47±0.34),两者之间无明显统计学差异。直接法左肾静脉汇入下腔静脉上方1 cm处CT值为313.43±50.90HU远高于间接法的95.50±22.17HU。结论:多层螺旋CT直接法下腔静脉成像与间接法下腔静脉成像,下腔静脉的不同层面径线测量无明显差异,直接法成像管腔内造影剂浓度高于间接法,显示下腔静脉更好,测量结果为正确评估下腔静脉疾患提供参考数据。