张北地震序列波谱分析

采用石家庄遥测台网数字化的地震记录,选取了1998年1月～1999年12月张北震区的146条地震,分别对P波、S波作了波谱分析,求取了拐角频率、地震矩、震源半径、应力降、平均位错和波谱能量。分析了拐角频率和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数相互之间的关系。结果表明,在1999年3月11日5．6级地震之前应力降和拐角频率均出现异常,同时发现,S波对环境的变化比P波敏感,P波较稳定,且各震源参数与震级有一定相关。     

双基雷达联合探测降水廓线的研究

利用1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)中的一次地面雷达与星载雷达(简称为双基雷达)联合探测雨强的资料,比较了现有的几种测雨雷达回波衰减订正方法.选取了一条比较有代表性的降水廓线,利用地基雷达数据对其进行衰减订正.结果表明,在雨区的中上部,星载雷达探测效果优于地基雷达;从"零度层亮带”往下至近地面,地基雷达探测效果优于星载雷达.     

Spectral analysis of continuous redox data reveals geochemical dynamics near the stream–aquifer interface

Changes in streamflow and water table elevation influence oxidation–reduction (redox) conditions near river–aquifer interfaces, with potentially important consequences for solute fluxes and biogeochemical reaction rates. Although continuous measurements of groundwater chemistry can be arduous, in situ sensors reveal chemistry dynamics across a wide range of timescales. We monitored redox potential in an aquifer adjacent to a tidal river and used spectral and wavelet analyses to link redox responses to hydrologic perturbations within the bed and banks. Storms perturb redox potential within both the bed and banks over timescales of days to weeks. Tides drive semidiurnal oscillations in redox potential within the streambed that are absent in the banks. Wavelet analysis shows that tidal redox oscillations in the bed are greatest during late summer (wavelet magnitude of 5.62 mV) when river stage fluctuations are on the order of 70 cm and microbial activity is relatively high. Tidal redox oscillations diminish during the winter (wavelet magnitude of 2.73 mV) when river stage fluctuations are smaller (on the order of 50 cm) and microbial activity is presumably low. Although traditional geochemical observations are often limited to summer baseflow conditions, in situ redox sensing provides continuous, high‐resolution chemical characterization of the subsurface, revealing transport and reaction processes across spatial and temporal scales in aquifers.     

Change detection of linear features in temporally spaced remotely sensed images using edge-based grid analysis

Automatic change detection of land cover features using high-resolution satellite images, is a challenging problem in the field of intelligent remote sensing data interpretation, and is becoming more and more effective for its applications viz. urban planning and monitoring, disaster assessment etc. In the present study, a change in detection approach based on the image morphology that analyses change in the local image grids is proposed. In this approach, edges from both the images are extracted and grid wise comparison is made by probabilistic thresholding and power spectral density analysis for identifying change area. One of the advantages of the proposed methodology is that the temporal images used in the change analysis need not be radiometrically corrected as analysis is based on edge extractions. The grid-based analysis further reduces the error, which might have been introduced by image mis-registration. The proposed methodology is validated by finding the temporal changes in the linear land cover features in parts of Kolkata city, India using three different image data-sets from LISS IV, Cartosat-1 and Google earth having varied spatial resolutions of 5.8 m, 2.5 m and about 1 m, respectively. The overall accuracy in identifying changes is found to be 64.82, 73.86 and 80.93% for LISS IV, Cartosat-1 and Google earth data-set, respectively.     

结合毫米波雷达提取降水条件下风廓线雷达大气垂直速度的研究

风廓线雷达主要是利用大气湍流对电磁波的散射作用,在晴空条件下对大气风场等进行探测。在降水天气下,风廓线雷达能同时接收到大气湍流回波和雨滴的散射回波信号,其探测到的回波功率谱中降水信号谱和大气湍流信号谱叠加在一起,使得大气的运动被雨滴的运动信息所掩盖,给后续的大气风场反演带来误差。而毫米波云雷达在降水天气下仅能探测到云雨粒子的回波而无法探测到大气湍流回波,基于这一差异结合毫米波云雷达资料对风廓线雷达功率谱数据进行订正,剔除其中的降水回波信息,进而获取正确的大气运动垂直速度。通过一次典型弱降水天气过程的雷达资料对该方法进行了可行性验证,并将计算得出的大气垂直速度与传统双峰法提取的大气运动垂直速度及原始风廓线雷达垂直速度进行了对比分析,显示在弱降水天气下该方法能有效消除降水对风廓线雷达垂直速度测量的影响,提高弱降水天气下测速准确率,并且在湍流谱极其微弱的情况下该方法也能准确地获取到大气运动垂直速度信息。但是云雷达回波在降水时会有衰减,虽然是弱降水也会导致在高层距离库上的订正效果变差,故目前只适用于弱降水时低距库处的降水订正。      

块状岩石矿物组分热红外光谱反演实验研究

针对地面研究用岩石的热红外光谱反演其矿物组分过程中,由于自然岩石内矿物组分分布不均匀,给确定观测区域内矿物组分的精确值造成困难的问题,该文采用块状矿物拼接的方法模拟自然岩石,使模拟岩石的矿物组分可以精确获取。进一步,针对模拟岩石制订旋转试样法观测方案,从理论上研究该方案存在的观测误差,并通过光谱解混验证其观测精度。     

2020年5月17日和6月1日山东强冰雹风暴双极化特征分析

利用济南、青岛和烟台S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料和常规观测资料以及天气实况,对2020年5月17日和6月1日两次强对流天气过程的关键环境物理量和风暴低层强冰雹区偏振量、三体散射、强冰雹衰减等偏振特征等进行了分析。结果表明:1)两次强对流天气都具有大的温差和强垂直风切变,中层较干。5月17日山东半岛0～6 km垂直风切变更强,低层湿度更大,湿球0 ℃层高度较低,是产生多个超级单体风暴并出现特大冰雹的关键物理量。2)5月17日城阳风暴低层强冰雹区具有适中的差分反射率（ZDR）和偏小的相关系数CC及偏大的差分相移率（KDP）。ZDR多在0.30～2.60 dB之间,平均为1.50 dB;CC多在0.900～0.965之间,平均为0.931;KDP多在2.0～6.3(°)·km-1之间,平均为4.1 (°)·km-1。少量融化的冰雹粒子和大的雨滴导致适中的ZDR和偏大的KDP。3)6月1日长清风暴低层强冰雹区具有偏小的ZDR和偏小的CC及大的KDP。ZDR多在-0.12～1.50 dB之间,平均为0.68 dB;CC多在0.925～0.970之间,平均为0.950;KDP多在4.0～7.6 (°)·km-1之间,平均为5.8 (°)·km-1。高浓度的液态雨滴和融化的小冰雹粒子导致大的KDP。4)三体散射、旁瓣回波、衰减及波束非均匀填充(nonuniform beam filling,NBF)等特征可作为冰雹识别判据。衰减特征在ZDR产品上表现较为明显,风暴核后侧较长径向上出现负值区,显著衰减可作为特大冰雹的判据。NBF仅在CC产品上有明显特征,风暴核后侧较长径向上CC明显较小。     

不同采样率下四分量钻孔应变观测同震变化特征

利用湟源台四分量钻孔应变观测的分钟值、1 sps、10 sps和100 sps四种不同采样率的观测数据,通过自检分析、同震应变阶分析和频谱分析等方法研究青海玛多M7.4地震同震变化特征。研究结果表明,分钟采样记录的地震波信息缺失严重,用分钟采样数据进行地震波初动、同震变化幅度等研究将会得到信度较低的结论;采样率越高,记录应变地震波信息的能力越强,但100 sps采样和10 sps采样结果相差不大,10 sps采样已能记录到比较全面的应变地震波信息;同震应变阶的变化性质和变化幅度与采样率无关;未来布设四分量钻孔应变仪时,建议应将采样率至少提高至1 sps。     

Stochastic behaviour and scaling laws in geoelectrical signals measured in a seismic area of southern Italy

We explore the inner dynamics of daily geoelectrical time series measured in a seismic area of the southern Apennine chain (southern Italy). Autoregressive models and the Higuchi fractal method are applied to extract maximum quantitative information about the time dynamics from these geoelectrical signals. First, the predictability of the geoelectrical measurements is investigated using autoregressive models. The procedure is based on two forecasting approaches: the global and the local autoregressive approximations. The first views the data as a realization of a linear stochastic process, whereas the second considers the data points as a realization of a deterministic process, which may be non-linear. Comparison of the predictive skills of the two techniques allows discrimination between low-dimensional chaos and stochastic dynamics. Our findings suggest that the physical systems governing electrical phenomena are characterized by a very large number of degrees of freedom and can be described only with statistical laws. Second, we investigate the stochastic properties of the same geoelectrical signals, searching for scaling laws in the power spectrum. The spectrum fits a power law P (  f )∝  f  ^−α , with the scaling exponent α a typical fingerprint of fractional Brownian processes. In this analysis we apply the Higuchi method, which gives a linear relationship between the fractal dimension D _Σ and the spectral power law scaling index α : D _Σ=(3− α )/2. This analysis highlights the stochastic nature of geoelectrical signals recorded in this seismic area of southern Italy.     

澳门人地关系研究

从１６世纪中叶到２０世纪末叶,澳门的城市性质和城市功能发生多次急剧变化。人地关系一些要点在澳门的发展和变化中都有反映。澳门在浙、闽、粤沿海众多的港口中脱颖而出反映自然环境是社会是社会发展必不可少的条件。澳门成为东西方交流的桥梁反映自然环境在人地关系的演变,澳门经济转型艰难反映人文资源在人地关系中的地位呈上升趋势。澳门的城市形象和空间格局有抹不掉的自然印记,反映人地关系的发展是利用自然和利用自然规律