锚杆腐蚀与防腐保护

实际工程中 ,锚杆腐蚀引起结构严重的破坏屡见不鲜。概述了锚杆发生腐蚀的条件和腐蚀类型 ,分析了影响锚杆腐蚀的主要因素 ,提出了防腐蚀保护的基本要求及防腐蚀保护的相关措施     

挤扩支盘桩在地下建筑抗浮设计中的应用

对目前地下建筑的各种抗浮措施进行了分析,根据挤扩支盘桩的受力特征,提出了采用挤扩支盘桩作为抗浮桩的新思路,给出了挤扩支盘桩单桩承载力的计算公式和构造要求,阐述了该方法的施工要点,并结合工程实例进行了技术经济分析。工程实践表明,采用挤扩支盘桩解决地下建筑抗浮问题是一种比较经济、合理的新方法。     

保水剂处理土壤的抗风蚀性能研究

将不同浓度的保水剂,在不同风速和不同喷洒量的条件下施用于黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土中,对其胶结作用所具有的抗风蚀性能进行了野外及风洞实验。结果显示:在净风条件下,保水剂固沙、抑制扬尘效果显著;在风沙流条件下,保水剂大浓度(50g·m-3)时具有明显的抗风蚀、抑制沙尘的效果;不同土类在风力为20m·s-1内,保水剂对黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土的固定、抑制扬尘效果显著。20m·s-1以上时,保水剂对黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土的固定、抑制扬尘效果随保水剂浓度的增大抗风蚀强度随之增强。但保水剂和固沙复合材料共同施用于风沙土,防风蚀效果更为显著;生产应用中,建议保水剂对风沙土的应用浓度为560g·m-3,对黄土的应用浓度为140～280g·m-3,对粉煤灰的应用浓度为50～140g·m-3。     

抗震设计中结构的极限状态与性能目标

详细讨论了抗震设计理论中结构的三种极限状态，论述了结构的基本性能水准与结构的性能目标。     

Resistance to overland flow due to bed‐load transport on plane mobile beds

During bed‐load transport by overland ?ow, momentum is transferred from the ?ow to the bed via grain collisions, resulting in a decrease in ?ow velocity and an increase in ?ow resistance, herein termed bed‐load transport resistance. In overland ?ow on mobile plane beds, total ?ow resistance f consists of grain resistance f_g and bed‐load transport resistance f_bt. In order to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the factors controlling f_bt, 38 ?ume experiments were performed on slopes of 2·7 and 5·5° using sediment with median diameters of 0·74 and 1·16 mm. All ?ows were supercritical and turbulent. This study is an extension of a recent study by Gao and Abrahams (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2004, vol. 29, pp. 423–435). These authors found that f_bt is controlled by three factors: sediment concentration C, dimensionless sediment diameter D_*, and relative submergence h/D, where h is ?ow depth, D is median sediment diameter. However, a new dimensional analysis identi?es two additional factors: Froude number F and slope S. Multiple regression analyses reveal (1) that these ?ve factors together explain 97 per cent of the variance of f_bt, and (2) that S controls f_bt entirely through C. The variable C is therefore redundant, and a new functional equation relating f_bt to D_*, h/D, S and F is developed. This equation may be used to predict f_bt. An advantage of this equation is that it may be used to predict f_bt without measuring bed‐load transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The frictional resistance characteristics of a bedrock‐influenced river channel

Much of the published literature relating to reach‐scale total ?ow resistance concentrates on alluvial rivers and little mention is made of the more extreme resistance found in bedrock‐in?uenced river systems. This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation of total ?ow resistance variation for ?ve channel types on the Sabie River, South Africa (cohesive mixed anastomosed, uncohesive mixed anastomosed, mixed pool–rapid, alluvial braided and alluvial single thread) over a range of discharges. Manning's ‘n’ and Darcy‐Weisbach f resistance coef?cients are calculated using Barnes' methodology (H. H. Barnes, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1849, 1967). These data are analysed at the scales of channel type and morphologic unit and the resultant resistance values are compared with the literature. Generally the low‐?ow friction values estimated for the bedrock‐in?uenced channel types are higher than any reported. Flow resistance quanti?cation of the alluvial channel type study sites on the Sabie River produced values slightly higher than earlier studies of similar morphologies. In situations where signi?cant areas of irregular bedrock are exposed (cohesive mixed anastomosed and mixed pool–rapid channel types) the high ?ow resistance coef?cients at low discharges probably re?ect energy dissipation due to hydraulic jumps and internal distortions; however, these values fall as discharge increases to values comparable to those recorded for step–pool rivers. It is suggested that the slightly elevated resistance coef?cients recorded in the alluvial channel types are the result of the vegetation roughness component, operating when the macro‐channel bar features are inundated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软岩嵌岩桩嵌岩段的侧阻力研究

软岩嵌岩桩作为一种基础形式，目前国内研究较少。文章探讨了国内外对本课题的一些研究，分析了侧阻力的激发机理，详尽地阐述了嵌岩段侧阻力的影响因素，并且讨论了侧阻力的计算公式，分析表明岩石的强度、桩岩界面的粗糙情况、岩石的模量、岩石的初始应力等都对侧阻力有影响。研究表明，嵌岩段侧阻力受桩表面的法向刚度所控制，嵌岩段的单位极限侧阻力受嵌岩比的影响不大，规范上的公式不完全适合软岩嵌岩桩。     

低速非达西流动与泥质岩孔隙流体超压的形成

泥质岩层中孔隙水在向外排运的过程中遵循低速非达西流动规律,当泥质沉积物成岩以后,地层中部的孔隙水必须克服微孔隙对其产生的启动阻力才能向外排出,否则,地层水就被滞流在岩层孔隙中造成泥岩的欠压实,具欠压实地层的孔隙水承担了部分上覆地层的重量而形成孔隙流体超压。因此,启动阻力是泥岩层形成孔隙流体超压的根本原因。在成岩作用的早期阶段,泥质岩层启动阻力较小,流体可以流动,流体超压由粘滞阻力和启动阻力两部分组成,当成岩作用进入到中—晚期以后,泥质岩层启动阻力增大,流体不能流动,粘滞阻力近似等于零,超压值等于启动阻力值。因为启动阻力是泥质岩层的固有特征,所以,在没有裂缝或断层的情况下,孔隙流体超压就必然存在。启动阻力随着泥质岩层厚度的增大、埋藏深度的增加、成岩程度的增强、砂质含量的减小而增大,孔隙流体超压也随上述因素的变化与启动阻力等量增大。     

A Review and Evaluation of Specific Heat Capacities of Rocks,Minerals, and Subsurface Fluids. Part 1: Minerals and Nonporous Rocks

Heat capacities of the rocks within a sedimentary basin can significantly influence geothermal gradients if sedimentation or erosion is rapid. This paper provides data on specific heat capacities of minerals and nonporous rocks at 20°C, derives equations for calculating specific heat capacities of minerals and nonporous rocks at temperatures between 0°C and 1200°C, and shows that pressure effects on heat capacities of solids can be neglected. It derives an equation for estimating specific heat capacity of any mineral or nonporous rock as a function of density. Finally, it shows how to calculate the specific heat capacity of any mixture of solid materials. A companion paper discusses specific heat capacities of the fluids in pore spaces of rocks and of fluid-filled porous rocks. The data for minerals and rocks provided herein can be incorporated directly into existing modeling software by users. However, the temperature-dependent equations would have to be incorporated by software developers.     

黄土地区农村民房生土建筑墙体材料抗震性能试验研究

对西北黄土地区农村民房生土建筑墙体材料的主要类型进行了物理力学性能和动力特性的试验研究,给出了黄土和黄土状亚粘土的夯筑墙、土坯等样品的抗压、抗折、抗剪强度以及动弹性模量和阻尼比等参数,对比分析不同生土建筑墙体材料和成型方式的强度和抗震性能。