Autorun analysis of sedimentary porous materials

Fundamentals of autorun analysis have been given to describe porous media geometry, including sedimantary rocks. The mathematical abstraction of porous media has been presented on the basis of random fields. Classical parameters of porous media, such as porosity and specific surface, have been expressed in terms of autorun function. Finally, a stochastic model has been proposed for the underlying generating mechanism of the porous medium. This model is capable of producing synthetic porous medium and, on the average, porosity as well as the specific surface. The first autorun coefficient is asymptotically equal to the porosity of the medium concerned. It also has been observed that the porosity together with the autorun function are sufficient to produce the specific surface value of the medium.On leave from the Technical University of Istanbul, Taksim, Turkey.     

The impact of compensatory measures on public support for carbon taxation: an experimental study in Sweden

This study aims at better understanding how, and to what extent, perceptions of a policy instrument’s distributional effects impact on policy support, focusing on the case of CO₂ taxes on petrol in Sweden. Through a large-scale (N?=?5000) randomized survey experiment with a 2?×?3 factorial design, the extent to which perceptions of fairness determine attitudes to a suggested increase of the Swedish CO₂ tax is explored. Furthermore, the study considers whether these effects change with the level of the suggested tax increase, as well as whether negative sentiments can be alleviated by combining it with a compensatory measure in the shape of a simultaneous income tax cut financed by the revenues from the tax increase. The results show that a higher tax increase is both viewed as more unfair and enjoys weaker support. Furthermore, compensatory measures can be a powerful policy design tool to increase perceptions of the policy as fair, but the effect of compensation on policy support is conditioned by the individual’s left–right ideological position. Whereas people self-identifying to the right react favourably to compensatory measures, people self-identifying to the left become less supportive of a tax increase when combined with a simultaneous cut in income taxes.

Key policy insights

• Perceptions of fairness are highly important for explaining public support for climate policy tools, specifically CO₂ taxes.

• Compensatory measures can be a powerful policy design tool to increase perceptions of the policy as less unfair.

• However, the effect of compensatory measures on policy support is conditioned by ideological position, and only successful among people to the ideological right.

• In contexts dominated by right-wing ideals, a combination of a tax and a compensatory scheme may be a successful route forward towards increased climate policy support.

• In left-oriented contexts the results imply that a CO₂ tax without compensation seems more likely to increase support.

     

Experimental study of dynamic damage of an arch dam

Seismic responses of a 292‐m high arch dam were studied by experiment on a shaking table. The model system included the arch dam with contraction joints, a part of a reservoir, and a partial foundation with a topographic feature near the dam. Potential rock wedges on the abutments and the mechanical properties including uplift on the kinematic planes were carefully simulated. A damping boundary consisting of a viscous liquid was introduced to simulate the effect of dynamic energy emission to far field, which made the dynamic interaction between the dam and the foundation be adequately represented in the model test of an arch dam system. Dynamic responses of the arch dam system under a sequence of seismic loadings in increasing strength were examined. Eleven cracks or overstresses on the model dam due to the earthquake excitations were observed, and consequently, its natural frequency dropped by about 14%, but the model dam was stable under the hydrostatic load of the impounded water after the test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石河子建筑物现状及抗震性能分析

根据普查资料，分析得到石河子市建筑物总体抗震能力可达Ⅵ度设防水平，通过统计给出建筑物的年增长率，预测到2010年建筑物总体抗震能力基本达到Ⅶ度设防水平，提出了在新建，扩建，改建工程中的地震对策问题。     

保水剂处理土壤的抗风蚀性能研究

将不同浓度的保水剂,在不同风速和不同喷洒量的条件下施用于黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土中,对其胶结作用所具有的抗风蚀性能进行了野外及风洞实验。结果显示:在净风条件下,保水剂固沙、抑制扬尘效果显著;在风沙流条件下,保水剂大浓度(50g·m-3)时具有明显的抗风蚀、抑制沙尘的效果;不同土类在风力为20m·s-1内,保水剂对黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土的固定、抑制扬尘效果显著。20m·s-1以上时,保水剂对黄土、粉煤灰、风沙土的固定、抑制扬尘效果随保水剂浓度的增大抗风蚀强度随之增强。但保水剂和固沙复合材料共同施用于风沙土,防风蚀效果更为显著;生产应用中,建议保水剂对风沙土的应用浓度为560g·m-3,对黄土的应用浓度为140～280g·m-3,对粉煤灰的应用浓度为50～140g·m-3。     

Na+在植物中的有益作用

 长期以来,人们普遍认为Na＋是造成植物盐害的主要因素。因此,目前对Na＋的研究主要集中在其对植物盐害方面。然而,近年来许多研究表明,虽然高浓度的Na＋对植物有害,但植物的生长也的确需要一定量的Na＋,低浓度的Na＋对植物的生长不仅没有危害,相反还有利于植物的生长。作者从Na＋对植物生长的刺激作用、Na＋对K＋的替代作用、Na＋在植物代谢以及植物抗逆中的生理功能几个方面概述了Na＋在植物生长过程中有益作用。为进一步研究低浓度的Na+在植物生长过程中的生理作用提供参考。     

银川市景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建

银川市生态保护与高质量发展已成为黄河流域可持续发展的重要组成部分,亟需优化区域生态安全格局。以银川市为研究区,综合生态风险评价模型和最小累积阻力模型,分析了银川市景观生态风险的时空分异特征,构建了生态安全格局并提出了生态安全保护策略。结果表明：（1） 银川市景观生态风险整体呈中北部高、南部低的空间分布特征,2000、2010年和2020年的景观生态风险指数平均值分别为0.2155、0.2145和0.2130,生态风险整体呈下降趋势,生态风险等级总体由高等级向低等级转移。（2） 共识别优化银川市生态廊道22条,生态节点52个,生态廊道累计长度约511.23 km,大致呈“北西—东南”方向网状分布,北部稀疏、南部密集。6条关键廊道贯穿南北,沿贺兰山国家级自然保护区—黄河—白芨滩国家级自然保护区一带分布,形成了“三纵”的空间格局分布特征。（3） 银川市优化后的生态安全格局由819.56 km²的生态源地、22条生态廊道和52个生态节点构成,并提出了针对生态源地、廊道和节点的生态安全保护策略,以期为银川市景观生态风险评价和生态安全水平的提升提供理论参考和依据。     

冬小麦,夏玉米叶水势,蒸腾和液态水流阻力的田间试验研究

根据对冬小麦，夏玉米生长期间的叶水势，蒸散，棵间蒸发，土壤含水量等要素日变化过程的测定，计算了土壤－植物－大气系统水从土至叶片的液态水传输阻力和其日变化过程，结果表明，随着蒸腾强度的增加，液态水流阻力呈非线性的递减状太民。     

桩基尺寸对砂土中水平受荷桩-土作用力的影响

p-y 曲线法在水平受荷桩的设计中得到了广泛应用,然而近年来在海上风机超大直径单桩基础设计中受到了学术界和工程界的质疑,当前研究表明,桩基尺寸是产生这一问题的主要原因。本文通过三维数值仿真技术,研究了砂土地基中水平受荷桩-土作用特征的演变规律,探讨了当前超大直径单桩设计方法存在的主要问题及产生的原因。计算结果显示：超大直径单桩基础因其桩径大、长径比（入土长度与直径的比） 小的尺寸特征,在水平荷载作用下桩土作用具有明显的三维空间效应,即除受水平向土反力外,还受到桩端水平向的摩擦力、沿桩身不均匀摩阻力产生的抵抗力矩及桩底不均匀土反力提供的抵抗力矩;进一步研究表明,后三类抗力对桩基水平承载力的贡献占比与桩基尺寸有关,即桩基直径越大、长径比越小,这些抗力的贡献越大。因此,在水平受荷超大直径单桩承载特性计算与分析的过程中,除当前水平向p-y 弹簧提供的抗力外,还应考虑桩底的水平剪力、桩身摩擦力和桩底反力不平衡产生的抵抗力矩。     

晶体的X射线衍射物相分析方法研究

暴恐事件的频发严重影响了国际社会的安全和秩序,给客运、货运安全带来了前所未有的挑战。有效打击恐怖活动,保障人身、财产安全,是国内乃至全球公共安全领域的重要诉求。因此,如何通过高技术手段提升安全检查能力,成为人们关注的重要问题和研究热点。X射线衍射（XRD）技术能在分子层面上识别违禁品,具有较高的区分度,在安全检查领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文从衍射的基础理论出发,简述目前能量色散X射线衍射（EDXRD）检测方案与识别算法的研究进展,分析EDXRD技术的优势并搭建系统验证有效性,最后对XRD的发展方向作展望,以期进一步推动此技术在公共安全领域发挥更加重要的作用。