Tall building performance‐based seismic design using SCEC broadband platform site‐specific ground motion simulations

The scarcity of strong ground motion records presents a challenge for making reliable performance assessments of tall buildings whose seismic design is controlled by large‐magnitude and close‐distance earthquakes. This challenge can be addressed using broadband ground‐motion simulation methods to generate records with site‐specific characteristics of large‐magnitude events. In this paper, simulated site‐specific earthquake seismograms, developed through a related project that was organized through the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Ground Motion Simulation Validation (GMSV) Technical Activity Group, are used for nonlinear response history analyses of two archetype tall buildings for sites in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino. The SCEC GMSV team created the seismograms using the Broadband Platform (BBP) simulations for five site‐specific earthquake scenarios. The two buildings are evaluated using nonlinear dynamic analyses under comparable record suites selected from the simulated BBP catalog and recorded motions from the NGA‐West database. The collapse risks and structural response demands (maximum story drift ratio, peak floor acceleration, and maximum story shear) under the BBP and NGA suites are compared. In general, this study finds that use of the BBP simulations resolves concerns about estimation biases in structural response analysis which are caused by ground motion scaling, unrealistic spectral shapes, and overconservative spectral variations. While there are remaining concerns that strong coherence in some kinematic fault rupture models may lead to an overestimation of velocity pulse effects in the BBP simulations, the simulations are shown to generally yield realistic pulse‐like features of near‐fault ground motion records.     

The specific character of limit errors in close range photogrammetry

Close-range photogrammetry is to determine the shape and size of the object, instead of it's absolute position. Therefore, at first, any translation and rotation of the photogrammetric model of the object caused by whole geodesic, photographic and photogrammetric procedures in close-range photogrammetry could not be considered. However, it is necessary to analyze all the reasons which cause the deformations of the shape and size and to present their corresponding theories and equations. This situation, of course, is very different from the conventional topophotogrammetry. In this paper some specific characters of limit errors in close-range photogrammetry are presented in detail, including limit errors for calibration of interior elements for close-range cameras, the limit errors of relative and absolute orientations in close-range cameras, the limit errors of relative and absolute orientations in close-range photogrammetric procedures, and the limit errors of control works in close-range photogrammetry. A theoretical equation of calibration accuracy for close-range camerais given. Relating to the three examples in this paper, their theoretical accuracy requirement of interior elements of camera change in the scope of ±(0.005–0.350) mm. This discussion permits us to reduce accuracy requirement in calibration for an object with small relief, but the camera platform is located in violent vibration environment. Another theoretical equation of relative RMS of base lines (mS/S) and the equation RMS of start direction are also presented. It is proved that themS/S could be equal to the relative RMS ofmΔX/ΔX. It is also proved that the permitting RMS of start direction is much bigger than the traditionally used one. Some useful equations of limit errors in close-range photogrammetry are presented as well. Suggestions mentioned above are perhaps beneficial for increasing efficiency, for reducing production cost.     

X射线荧光光谱分析中熔融制样法的改进与应用

对于高硅、高铝、高铁等类的酸性样品,在熔融制样时,通过加入碱性氧化物来提高熔融体的碱性,消除酸性熔融体的不熔物,提高熔融体的流动性,使熔融体混和均匀,提高了制样的重现性,使准确度得到了提高。     

Future trends in transport and fate of diffuse contaminants in catchments,with special emphasis on stable isotope applications

A summary is provided of the first of a series of proposed Integrated Science Initiative workshops supported by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme. The workshop brought together hydrologists, environmental chemists, microbiologists, stable isotope specialists and natural resource managers with the purpose of communicating new ideas on ways to assess microbial degradation processes and reactive transport at catchment scales. The focus was on diffuse contamination at catchment scales and the application of compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) in the assessment of biological degradation processes of agrochemicals. Major outcomes were identifying the linkage between water residence time distribution and rates of contaminant degradation, identifying the need for better information on compound specific microbial degradation isotope fractionation factors and the potential of CSIA in identifying key degradative processes. In the natural resource management context, a framework was developed where CSIA techniques were identified as practically unique in their capacity to serve as distributed integrating indicators of process across a range of scales (micro to diffuse) of relevance to the problem of diffuse pollution assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative studies on phosphorus uptake and growth kinetics of the microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis and the macroalga Ulva pertusa

Short-term uptake experiments and long-term semicontinuous culture experiments were performed under the condition of phosphorus (P) limitation to estimate and compare the P uptake and growth kinetics of the microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis and the macroalga Ulva pertusa. Two new parameters, the maximum specific uptake rate (V _m ^sp ) and the maximal growth efficiency (β), are introduced to achieve uniformity for the comparison of nutrient uptake and growth efficiency between microalgae and macroalgae. T. subcordiformis possesses 3 times lower half saturation uptake constant, 4 times higher maximal growth rate and 20 times higher maximum specific uptake rate than U. pertusa, while U. pertusa possesses 4 times higher maximal growth efficiency than T. subcordiformis.     

中国特色地质遗产体系及其保护

从合理开发利用与保护地质遗产的角度,提出地质遗产体系的概念,认为地质遗产体系由矿产资源型遗产、旅游资源型遗产和科教资源型遗产系列组合构成,包括11个地质遗产系列和若干个亚系列。详细论述了中国特色的地质遗产,包括众多优势的矿产资源、奇特的地质旅游资源及罕见的地学科研和科普教育资源,探讨了遗产保护4个最紧迫的任务及其长期需要开展的工作。综合分析表明,中国是具有诸多特色的地质遗产大国,地质遗产是不可再生稀缺资源,中国的地质遗产保护已刻不容缓。     

Pre-Melt Energy Budget of an Arctic Snowpack on Landfast First-Year Sea Ice

The pre-melt energy budget of a snowpack on landfast first-year sea ice at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was analyzed. Over a 19-day period, the total heat conducted into the snowpack at the snow–sea-ice interface was the largest single energy transfer to the snowpack, while each of the turbulent heat fluxes removed comparable amounts of energy. The total energy transferred from the snowpack (∑Q?≈??7027?kJ?m^?2) should have reduced its temperature; however, the opposite occurred. The snowpack’s temperature at both the 7 and 13?cm depths increased over the pre-melt period. The total change in internal energy and latent heat of the snowpack (ΔU_snowpack)_, derived from 15-minute changes in the snowpack’s temperature over the pre-melt period, was approximately 672?kJ?m^?2. Closure of the energy budget was not achieved for either the daily or the total pre-melt period. The terms of the energy budget were determined independently; thus, the failure to close the energy budget was the result of the accumulation of errors associated with all the terms. However, for snow on first-year sea ice, the parameterization of the salinity and temperature dependence of the “specific heat” of the basal layer of the snowpack was likely the primary source of error. The snowpack plays a central role in the transfer of energy across the ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interface, but an adequate method for modelling the evolution of snow on Arctic sea ice including the energy budget, which determines the warming rate and subsequent melt rate of the snow, has yet to be developed.     

基于相对密度和X射线粉晶衍射技术测定硬玉岩中硬玉的含量

硬玉岩能否命名为宝石级"翡翠",其硬玉的含量是关键参数,目前测量岩石中矿物质量分数的方法多为有损分析,难以应用于珠宝玉石检测中。本文基于硬玉岩矿物组成及其质量分数的变化,建立了一种通过测量硬玉岩相对密度获得硬玉质量分数的无损分析方法。对186件相对密度在3.30~2.88之间的硬玉岩样品采用静水称重法测试,根据相对密度范围进行分组,利用X射线粉晶衍射、人工重砂分析、电子探针、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等技术确定硬玉岩的主要矿物及其质量分数,进而统计分析硬玉质量分数与硬玉岩相对密度的线性关系。研究表明:硬玉岩的主要矿物为硬玉和杂质矿物钠长石、方沸石。随着硬玉的质量分数(wA)下降,钠长石、方沸石质量分数增加,硬玉岩实测相对密度(SG)发生相应变化,两者的线性方程为wA=1.3454×SG-3.4531(相关系数为0.9814),线性关系良好。由于本方法的硬玉岩实测相对密度近似等于理论相对密度,即可通过测量相对密度获得硬玉的质量分数,这种无损测试方法适用于相对密度在3.3~3.0,硬玉含量在95%~60%,硬玉与钠长石的质量分数之和在90%~97%之间的硬玉岩样品。     

末次盛冰期以来泸沽湖沉积记录的正构烷烃分布特征和单体碳同位素组成及其古植被意义

泸沽湖是云贵高原上典型西南季风区的一半封闭湖泊,本文通过研究水深69.3m处长度为18.3m岩芯中15个样品的陆源高等植物正构烷烃分布特征及碳同位素组成,揭示了湖区木本/草本植被和C3/C4植被的变化历史,并试图探讨C3/C4植被变化的可能影响机制.在末次盛冰期至全新世早期,正构烷烃含量及(C27+C29)/2C31比值逐渐增加,正构烷烃(碳数＞C25)的平均碳链长度(ACL)值逐渐减少,指示木本植物比例相比草本植物较多且呈逐渐增加态势,表明气候逐渐向暖湿方向发展;而同一时期,陆源高等植物正构烷烃(C27、C29和C31)δ13C值均逐渐偏正,无法用气候变化来解释,应该反映了C3/C4植被变化,由此,通过二元模式计算得出的C4植物比例从19.6％逐渐增加至31.9％,上述结果表明该时期温度升高对C4植物增多起了主要作用.到全新世中期,正构烷烃分布特征表明木本植物比例依然较高,表明此时气候温暖湿润,而δ13C值则呈偏负的趋势,我们认为这是降雨增加和C4植物减少协同导致的.在全新世晚期,正构烷烃分布特征指出草本植物比例相对增加,而该时期的δ13C值则稍微偏正,这可能是因为气候变干所导致的.陆源高等植物正构烷烃分布特征所揭示的植被变化可以与研究区域孢粉记录进行较好对比.研究进一步明确了温度是C4植物出现的主控因素,而在温度满足要求时降雨的增多会降低C4对C3植物的竞争优势.     

应用双特异分子探针技术定性定量检测圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)

设计了一套圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)特异性探针,运用双特异分子探针技术,对圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)进行了定性定量检测.结果表明,本实验中设计的一套探针与其它十几种藻无交叉反应,具有种特异性;细胞裂解液直接杂交检测优于提纯RNA样品检测;对自然样品做了初步检测,发现天然海水中的其它浮游生物对该检测方法影响很小.