Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Coral Reef Lagoon Waters: Comparative Study of Atolls and Barrier Reefs in the Indo-Pacific Oceans

Factors controlling the CO₂ system parameters, including the partial pressure of CO₂ (PCO₂) in coral reef waters, were investigated in three mid-oceanic reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. Surface water PCO₂ in the lagoons of Majuro Atoll and Palau barrier reef in the Pacific were 25 µatm and 48 µatm higher than those of the offshore waters, respectively, while South Male Atoll lagoon of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean exhibited relatively small difference in PCO₂ compared to the offshore water. Observations from Majuro Atoll and Palau barrier reef are consistent with the view that calcium carbonate production predominates in coral reefs. On the other hand, results from South Male Atoll can be attributed to the thorough flushing of the lagoon, which is connected to the open ocean by numerous deep channels. The offshore-lagoon PCO₂ difference depends on system-level net organic-to-inorganic carbon production ratio while reef topography, especially residence time of the lagoon, has a secondary effect on the magnitude of the offshore-lagoon difference. A potential for releasing CO₂ might be more evident in an enclosed atoll where the reef water has a longer residence time. Oceanic atoll and barrier reef lagoons, which are in the terminal stage of evolutionary history of oceanic volcanic islands, have the potential to release CO₂ to the atmosphere.     

摄食水平对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus) 幼鱼生长影响的初步研究

褐牙鲆幼鱼 (体重 0 .71～ 4 .16 g;体长 4 .4 5～ 8.14cm)在 2 4℃下保持 5个摄食水平 (0～最大 )。投喂人工配合饵料。湿重、干重、蛋白质及能量的特定生长率与摄食水平呈线性关系 ,相关系数分别为 0 .886 4 ,0 .8311,0 .80 16和 0 .8577(n=33,p<0 .0 5)。随摄食水平增加 ,干重、蛋白质和能量的转化效率升高 ,平均总转化效率分别为 33.77%、33.89%和 33.0 3%。     

Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis as a tool for correlating coal-sourced oils and interbedded shale-sourced oils in coal measures: an example from Turpan basin, north-western China

Molecular geochemical methods have shown that it is often difficult to differentiate between coal- and interbedded shale-sourced oils, even though coals and interbedded shales may exhibit considerable organic influx variation (e.g. land plant vs algal organic matter) due to the changes of depositional setting. However, compound-specific stable carbon isotopic compositions are sensitive to the source input variations. Typically, specific molecules are more depleted in ¹³C with increasing content of aqueous biota. This hypothesis is examined and exemplified by comparing the stable carbon isotopic ratios of n-alkanes from source rock extracts and related oils of the Turpan basin, north-western China. Stable carbon isotopic values of n-alkanes extracted from coals and interbedded shales show that δ¹³C values of n-alkanes with less than 20 carbon atoms vary only slightly. However, there are dramatic changes in the isotopic compositions of higher molecular weight n-alkanes. Furthermore, n-alkanes from coal extracts are enriched in ¹³C relative to that of interbedded shales with excursions up to 2–3‰. This comparison enables the differentiation of coal- and interbedded shale-sourced oils, and provides information useful in assessing the hydrocarbon system of a basin.     

NP油田Ed1储层泥浆伤害综合评价与解堵技术研究

酸化是解除该类储层伤害,恢复、提高油气井产能最主要的手段。对于各种特定的伤害类型若仅采用笼统的酸化措施,往往难以取得理想的增产效果,如何从伤害机理的角度出发对症解除污染是研究者面临的重要课题。NP油田Ed1储层在以往的酸化改造中,由于对钻井泥浆伤害机理认识不够准确,导致酸液选择存在较大的盲目性,严重影响解堵效果。为解决上述问题,提出酸化解堵设计方法,通过泥浆固相粒度和滤液红外波谱分析试验评价,明确了Ed1储层钻井泥浆伤害产生的机理。在此基础上,设计在同一组试验内先模拟泥浆伤害的产生,发现岩心伤害后渗透率降低至基准渗透率的0.12倍,然后比较评价不同类型的酸液解除该类泥浆污染的能力,最终筛选出解堵效果最好的4%多氢酸体系推荐现场施工使用。     

引入比产能进行气井产能评价引发的思考

气井产能的评价,理论基础已相当成熟,实际生产中也已形成相当成熟的方法,具体的操作过程亦不复杂。然而在实际运用中由于受到资料数量和质量的制约,稍不留意就会使得评价结果与实际产能出现较大差异,从而影响开发技术政策的制定、气田的开发效果及气田的经济效益。笔者引入比产能方法,在对XXX气田进行产能评价过程中,遇到一系列难以用常规方法解决的问题,由此引发产能评价的思考,对其原因以及对实际气田开发的影响进行分析和探讨,并提出了相应的应对措施。     

数字水准仪应用于区域精密水准测量的有关问题研究

基于试验和实践,讨论了数字水准仪的特性和误差来源及其对观测结果的影响。在此基础上阐述了该仪器应用于区域精密水准测量中应予关注的各种问题和提高精度的措施。指出：应制定有关该仪器的测量规范。     

Prediction of surface ocean pCO2 from observations of salinity, temperature and nitrate: The empirical model perspective

This paper evaluates whether a thermodynamic ocean-carbon model can be used to predict the monthly mean global fields of the surface-water partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO_2SEA) from sea surface salinity (SSS), temperature (SST), and/or nitrate (NO₃) concentration using previously published regional total inorganic carbon (C_T) and total alkalinity (A_T) algorithms. The obtained pCO_2SEA values and their amplitudes of seasonal variability are in good agreement with multi-year observations undertaken at the sites of the Bermuda Atlantic Timeseries Study (BATS) (31°50’N, 60°10’W) and the Hawaiian Ocean Time-series (HOT) (22°45’N, 158°00’W). By contrast, the empirical models predicted C_T less accurately at the Kyodo western North Pacific Ocean Time-series (KNOT) site (44°N, 155°E) than at the BATS and HOT sites, resulting in greater uncertainties in pCO_2SEA predictions. Our analysis indicates that the previously published empirical C_T and A_T models provide reasonable predictions of seasonal variations in surface-water pCO_2SEA within the (sub) tropical oceans based on changes in SSS and SST; however, in high-latitude oceans where ocean biology affects C_T to a significant degree, improved C_T algorithms are required to capture the full biological effect on C_T with greater accuracy and in turn improve the accuracy of predictions of pCO_2SEA.     

红笛鲷弧菌病血清流行病学研究方法的建立

以红笛鲷Lutjanus sanguineus弧菌病的主要病原菌——溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus为抗原制备兔抗血清,以辣根过氧化酶标记的羊抗兔血清为酶标二抗,建立了酶联免疫吸附试验检测技术。通过棋盘滴定法测定,得出溶藻弧菌菌悬液的最佳工作浓度为5×108mL-1,兔抗溶藻弧菌血清的最佳稀释度为1∶16000,酶标羊抗兔抗体的最佳稀释度为1∶2000。应用本实验建立的间接双抗体夹心法对红笛鲷进行现场检测,患病红笛鲷特异性抗体的检出率为70%,外观健康红笛鲷的检出率为20%。结果表明,本实验所建立的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测法可以用于红笛鲷弧菌病的血清流行病学研究,而且可以检测出隐性感染状态下的红笛鲷。     

根据钻速方程分析提高钻速的有效途径

在安全条件下,提高钻井速度是钻井工程技术人员追求的目标和紧迫任务。根据大庆长垣通用钻速方程,分析影响钻速的主要因素及提高钻速的有效途径,以供钻井工程设计及现场工程技术人员参考,并用莺深1井、达深2井实钻数据在通用钻速方程中验证,其预测钻速与实际钻速误差仅为4．3％和4．8％,取得较好的符合率。     

夏季西北冰洋表层淡水分布的总碱度示踪研究

利用中国第三次北极科学考察在西北冰洋所进行的海水总碱度的测量,通过海水、海冰融化水以及河源淡水三个端元总碱度特征的显著差异计算西北冰洋夏季表层海水中淡水所占的比例。研究表明,西北冰洋海冰融化水所占比例最大区域在加拿大海盆区75°N附近,这是冰缘带位置,往北向高纬度的冰密集中逐渐增加。而河源淡水的组份则与北冰洋的环流密切相关,并且在西北冰洋水体中逐渐累积。