内蒙古荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)和骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)叶形态性状对土壤水氮耦合的响应

研究降水和氮沉降对荒漠草原植物叶形态性状的影响,对于预测未来全球变化下荒漠草原植物的生态适应具有重要意义.对增减雨(±50％)和氮添加(10 g·m-2.a-1)及其交互作用对乌拉特荒漠草原区优势植物叶形态性状的影响研究结果表明:(1)沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)、碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)...     

基于SLAF测序分析3个塔形马蹄螺群体的遗传结构和多样性*

塔形马蹄螺(Tectus pyramis), 海洋软体动物, 广泛分布于中国深圳大鹏湾、海南岛、西沙和南沙群岛的珊瑚礁生态系统中。文章采用特异性位点扩增片段简化基因组测序技术(SLAF-seq)对来自深圳(SZ)、三亚(SY)和西沙(XS)的塔形马蹄螺群体的遗传多样性和结构进行分析。通过测序共获得115.74Mb读长数据, 平均测序深度为337.87倍, 测序质量值(Q₃₀)平均为94.07%。研究获得118679个多态性SLAF标签, 获得846502个高度一致的群体单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs), 其中有155个显著差异SNPs。3个群体的平均观察杂合度(H_o)和期望杂合度(H_e)值分别为0.1441~0.1611和0.2537~0.2695。平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.2048~0.2176。通过系统发育树分析、主成分分析和聚类分析, 将45个个体大致分为3个类群, 每个群体的所有个体都可以聚类成一个类群。SZ和SY群体的遗传结构相似, 遗传距离最低(0.2510), 遗传分化系数F_st值最低(0.0818)。但XS与其他两个群体间的遗传分化明显, 尤其是XS和SZ群体(F_st=0.1868)。3个群体的遗传分化可能与海流和地理位置有关。     

Roles of Biogeochemical Processes in the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Described with a Simple Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model

To evaluate the contribution of biogeochemical processes to the oceanic carbon cycle and to calculate the ratio of calcium carbonate to organic carbon downward export, we have incorporated biological and alkalinity pumps in the yoked high-latitude exchange/interior diffusion-advection (YOLDA) model. The biogeochemical processes are represented by four parameters. The values of the parameters are tuned so that the model can reproduce the observed phosphate and alkalinity distributions in each oceanic region. The sensitivity of the model to the biogeochemical parameters shows that biological production rates in the euphotic zone and decomposition depths of particulate matters significantly influence horizontal and vertical distributions of biogeochemical substances. The modeled vertical fluxes of particulate organic phosphorus and calcium carbonate are converted to vertical carbon fluxes by the biological pump and the alkalinity pump, respectively. The downward carbon flux from the surface layer to the deep layer in the entire region is estimated to be 3.36 PgC/yr, which consists of 2.93 PgC/yr from the biological pump and 0.43 PgC/yr from the alkalinity pump, which is consistent with previous studies. The modeled rain ratio is higher with depth and higher in the Pacific and Indian Oceans than in the Atlantic Ocean. The global rain ratio at the surface layer is calculated to be 0.14 to 0.15. This value lies between the lower and higher ends of the previous estimates, which range widely from 0.05 to 0.25. This study indicates that the rain ratio is unlikely to be higher than 0.15, at least in the surface waters.     

日本鬼鲉不同组织的8 种同工酶谱

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺平板电泳技术,对象山港野生日本鬼鲉(Inimicus japonicus)的9种组织器官的8种同工酶进行研究,并分析了其酶谱表型。结果表明,琥珀酸脱氢酶(Succinatedehydrogenase,简称SuDH)在所有组织中均存在,组织间差异较小;乳酸脱氢酶(Lactic dehydrogenase,简称LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶((Malate dehydrogenase,简称MDH)、苹果酸酶(Malic enzyme,简称ME)、酯酶(Esterase,简称EST)、醇脱氢酶(Alcoholdehydrogenase,简称ADH)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,简称POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,简称SOD)则具有明显的组织特异性,且这些酶在表型、分布和活性上均表现出高度的组织特异性。     

无定河流域不同地貌区水沙过程对比

为了查明人为影响程度较低时期无定河流域内不同地貌区的水沙过程及其变化规律,选取1970年以前一段时期该流域内风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的有关水文站的水文泥沙实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,风沙区河流的流量变率较黄土丘陵沟壑区的小;风沙区河流的含沙量远小于黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的含沙量。黄土丘陵沟壑区河流具有极高的输沙率,而风沙区河流的输沙率微不足道。风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的产流模数基本相近,但产沙模数非常悬殊,前者的产沙模数很小,为118.58~725.38t /km² · a,而后者的达到1879.36~25112.15t /km² · a。显然,无定河流域黄土丘陵沟壑区的河流是侵蚀产沙的主要来源区,因而是水土保持工作的重点区域。     

Evaluation of a probabilistic approach to simulation of alkalinity and electrical conductivity at a river bank filtration site

In river bank filtration, impurities present in the river water travel with the bank filtrate towards the pumping well. During this passage, certain types of impurities, such as turbidity, total coliform, and so forth, may get attenuated; however, it is interesting to note that some of the instant raw river water quality parameters, such as alkalinity and electrical conductivity, increase after the passage of water through the porous medium. This occurs because water, when passing through the soil pores, absorbs many of the solutes that cause an increase in alkalinity and electrical conductivity. Measurements at a river bank filtration site for a year showed that alkalinity of 116–32 mg l^?1 in river water increased to 222.4–159.9 mg l^?1 in the river bank filtered water. Likewise, the electrical conductivity increased from 280–131 μS cm^?1 to 462–409.6 μS cm^?1. This study uses a probabilistic approach for investigating the variation of alkalinity and electrical conductivity of source water that varies with the natural logarithm of the concentration of influent water. The probabilistic approach has the potential of being used in simulating the variation of alkalinity and electrical conductivity in river bank filtrate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the general character of coastal flow

It is well-known that some coastal currents such as the Florida Current have a recirculating region on their coastal side, while other currents such as the East Australian Current have no such region. Under the hypothesis that the form drag on a coastal current by an irregular coastal topography reduces the momentum transport of the current to a minimum for the given flow within the current, the hydraulic theory of coastal currents is used to explain this behaviour.     

How does landfill leachate affect the chemical processes in a lake system downgradient from a landfill site?

A field study on the geochemical properties of a chemically-stressed limnic environment was performed in Lake Silbersee, which receives leachate water of high inorganic loading from an upgradient landfill site. The highly concentrated sulfate ion in groundwater, when entering the pore water system of the lake, gives rise to an intensive microbial sulfate reduction. A diagenetic approach was used to explain the existence of a marine-like aqueous system within a geologically slightly acidic aquifer, consisting of a well-buffered lake water and an alkalinity producing, excess sulphide containing sediment pore water system.     

WH-1型电镀金刚石钻头的研制及其在坚硬、致密和弱研磨性地层中的应用

本文阐述了电镀金刚石孕镶钻头的研制方法和原理。此种钻头适用于坚硬、致密、弱研磨性(即所谓打滑)地层的钻进。攻克“打滑地层”的途径是:(1)降低钻头胎体耐磨性,促使金刚石出刃;(2)改变钻头底唇形状,提高金刚石破碎岩石的比压,增多孔底破碎岩石的自由面,使之易于破碎岩石。从4个钻探队、39个钻头的生产试验结果来看,上述研制工作既合理又有成效。     

改进磁变仪布局的研究

本文讨论了各分量磁变仪磁针之间的相互影响以及地磁场各分量的变化、记录光入射角对记录的影响，并由此认为一套磁变仪的布局应满意三项标准：（１）各分量仪磁针间的相互静磁影响要小，且任一磁针受其它磁针工作的影响要低于该分量仪记录的分辨率；（２）各分量仪的状态函数稳定，即保持定向能力强；（３）可产生较高精度的线性记录磁照图。鉴于目前的磁变仪布局与此三标准有明显差距，故本文提出了一种新的布局方案，可满足此三项