Acidity of twelve northern New England (U.S.A.) lakes in recent centuries

Studies of sediment cores from 12 acidic lakes in granitic, forested and uninhabited catchments in northern New England, U.S.A. produced diatom-inferred pH (IpH) 5.2 to 5.8 and alkalinity (Ialk) –12 to 31 µeq l^–1, with slowly declining values at some lakes, for one to four centuries prior to logging. Increases of IpH (0.05 to 0.60) and Ialk (5 to 40 µeq l^–1) correlate with logging in the catchments in the early-1800s to early-1900s. Recovery to pre-logging IpH and Ialk correlates with forest succession toward conifers, and is completed in the late-1800s to mid-1900s. Beginning at 1915–1920 (4 lakes), 1930–1950 (4 lakes) and 1965–1970 (4 lakes), IpH and Ialk start decreasing below pre-logging values due to atmospheric acidic deposition, leading to respective total decreases of 0.10 to 0.45 (X=0.25) and 5 to 25 µeq l^–1 (X=15). Inputs of anthropogenic Pb, Zn, V, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot from the atmosphere are first detectable in early- to late-1800s sediment, and Cu in late-1800s sediment, increase rapidly in the late-1800s to mid-1900s, and level off or decrease since the 1960s — partly due to emission controls. Decreasing Ca, Mn, and possibly Zn relative to other metals and normalized to organic content, and increasing flux of Fe to the lakes, indicate soil and water acidification after 1900.This is the fourteenth of a series of papers to be published by this journal which is a contribution of the Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification (PIRLA) project. Drs. D. F. Charles and D. R. Whitehead are guest editors for this series.     

毛乌素沙地丘间低地主要植物叶片性状及其相互关系

以毛乌素沙地丘间低地30种主要植物为研究对象,比较不同功能群植物叶片性状的变异特征,分析植物叶片各性状之间的关系。结果表明:30种植物的比叶面积的变异系数最大,比叶面积与叶片干物质含量呈现极显著的负相关关系,叶片干物质含量与叶片碳含量呈显著的正相关关系,叶氮含量与叶片碳氮比呈极显著负相关关系,叶面积与其他所有的叶片性状都无相关性。比叶面积、叶片干物质含量、叶面积、叶氮含量和叶碳含量在不同功能群之间存在显著差异,叶片碳氮比在不同功能群之间没有显著差异。研究结果有助于了解毛乌素沙地丘间低地环境变化对植物种群的作用,增进对丘间低地植被演变特征的认识。     

Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in gypsum karst waters

Modern digital conductivity meters are readily portable, robust, cheap, and give precisely reproducible values of specific electrical conductivity (SpC, in µS cm^?1). Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the amounts of gypsum dissolved in waters collected in gypsum karst terrains, expressed as total hardness (TH) in mg L^?1 of CaSO₄·2H₂O (GYP). Total dissolved solid concentrations (TDS) are also considered. Curves obtained with the program PHREEQC, for the dissolution of pure gypsum in water at 25 C, are compared with 574 comprehensive water chemical analyses selected from gypsum karst studies in Europe and the Americas. Principal common and foreign ions encountered are the BNC group (bicarbonates, nitrates, chlorides). It is found that GYP = 1·12^·SpC + 62 where BNC < 33% (Cl^? < 5%), with one standard error <5% for waters with SpC > 2400 µS cm^?1; GYP = 0·74^·SpC + 777 where BNC < 33% (5% ≤ Cl^? < 15%), with one standard error <10% for waters with SpC > 3100 µS cm^?1; GYP = 0·97^·SpC ? 209 where BNC < 33% and Cl^? ≥ 15%, with one standard error <10% for samples with SpC > 4300 µS cm^?1. There are similar results for the more complex waters found in gypsum karsts where much carbonate rock or salt is also present, to the limit of BNC < 50% for what may reasonably be defined as ‘gypsum waters’. Values of R² for linear correlations of different subsets of the water samples range from 0·69 to 0·96, the majority being >0·8. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying contributions of snowmelt water to streamflow using graphical and chemical hydrograph separation

In this study, we characterize the snowmelt hydrological response of nine headwater watersheds in southeast Wyoming by separating streamflow into three components using a combination of tracer and graphical approaches. First, continuous 15-min records of specific conductance (SC) from 2016 to 2018 were used to separate streamflow into annual contributions, representing water that contributes to streamflow in a given year that entered the watershed in the same year being considered, and perennial contributions, representing water that contributes to streamflow in a given year that entered the watershed in previous years. Then, diurnal streamflow cycles occurring during the snowmelt season were used to graphically separate annual contributions into rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions, representing water with the relatively fastest hydrological response and shortest residence time, and delayed annual contributions, representing water with relatively longer residence time in the watershed before becoming streamflow. On average, mean annual total streamflow was comprised of between 22% and 46% perennial contributions, 7% and 14% rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions, and 46% and 55% delayed annual contributions across the watersheds. A hysteresis index describing SC-discharge patterns indicated that, annually, most watersheds showed negative, concave, anti-clockwise hysteretic direction suggesting faster flow pathways dominate streamflow on the rising limb of the annual hydrograph relative to the falling limb. At the daily timescale during snowmelt-induced diurnal streamflow cycles, hysteresis was negative, but with a clockwise direction, implying that rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions generated from the concurrent daily snowmelt, with lower SC, arrived after delayed annual contribution peaks and preferentially contributed on the falling limb of diurnal cycles. South-facing watersheds were more susceptible to early season snowmelt at slower rates, resulting in less annual and more perennial contributions. Conversely, north-facing watersheds had longer snow persistence and larger proportions of annual contributions and rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions. Watersheds with surficial geology dominated by glacial deposits had a lower proportion of rapid diurnal snowmelt contributions compared to watersheds with large percentages of bedrock surficial geology.     

Spatial and temporal variations in pH and total alkalinity at the beginning of the rainy season in the Changjiang Estuary, China

The results of field observation carried out in May 2003 were used to examine pH and total alkalinity behaviors in the Changjiang Estuary. It was showed that pH and total alkalinity took on clear spatial variations in values with the minima in the low salinity region. Like salinity, transect distributions of pH and total alkalinity （TA） in a downriver direction had a sharp gradient each. These gradients appeared in such a sequence that the TA gradient was earlier than salinity and pH gradients, and the salinity gradient was earlier than the pH gradient. These distribution characteristics seemed to be strongly influenced by the mixing process of freshwater and seawater, for both pH and total alkalinity had significant linear relationships with salinity and temperature. For pH, phytoplankton activities also had a significant impact upon its spatial distribution. During a period of 48 h, pH and total alkalinity changed within wide ranges for every layer of the two anchor stations, namely, Stas 13 and 20, which were located at the mixed water mass and seawater mass, respectively. For both Stas 13 and 20, pH and TA fluctuation of every layer could be very wide during a 4 h period. As a whole, the data of the two anchor stations showed that neither variations in salinity and temperature nor phytoplankton activities were the main factors strongly influencing the total alkalinity temporal variability on a small time scale. The data of Sta. 20 implied that both salinity variation and phytoplankton activities had a significant influence on pH temporal variability, but the same conclusion could not be drawn from the data of Sta. 13.     

慕士塔格地区大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素季节内变化特征及影响因素分析

慕士塔格地区位于青藏高原西北部,常年受西风影响。为了更清楚地认识西风水汽来源和局地蒸发过程对区域水循环过程的影响,利用2017年7月26日—2017年11月6日和2018年7月30日—2018年12月10日在慕士塔格西风带环境综合观测研究站的监测数据,分析了地表大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素组成和相关局地气象要素的变化特征及其相关关系。研究发现:慕士塔格地区水汽中δ¹⁸O、d-excess与局地温度和比湿呈现明显的小时变化、日变化和季节变化;水汽δ¹⁸O值与温度的显著正相关关系在不同时间尺度稳定存在;在小时和日尺度上,水汽δ¹⁸O值与比湿呈现对数关系;后向轨迹追踪表明,西风将西伯利亚和北大西洋及慕士塔格周围地区的水汽传输至观测站点;当水汽自地中海和北大西洋长距离传输至慕士塔格时,水汽δ¹⁸O显著降低可达约7‰,d-excess会显著增大;该地区水汽稳定同位素组成的季节变化特征与降水稳定同位素组成的季节变化特征一致。研究内容初步揭示了青藏高原西风传输水汽稳定同位素变化的主要影响因素,可为区域水循环研究提供必要...     

比表面积对土冻结特征曲线影响的试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

土冻结特征曲线受土颗粒比表面积的影响显著。目前关于冻结特征曲线与比表面积关系的研究一般以天然土为研究对象,无法完全排除干密度、总含水率等其他因素的干扰,所获得的试验结果较为离散。将青藏粉质黏土和膨润土以不同比例混合,人工配置具有不同比表面积的土样,对土样开展低温核磁共振测试和冻结温度试验,结果表明:与常见的3段式冻结特征曲线不同,混合土样的冻结特征曲线分为4段,即过冷段、快速下降段、缓慢下降段和稳定冻结段。随着比表面积增大,快速下降段中未冻水含量变化幅值减小,缓慢下降段中未冻水含量变化率增大,而稳定冻结段中最终未冻水含量增多;在冻结温度试验获得的温度-时间曲线中,恒温段持续时间随比表面积的增大而缩短,相应的冻结温度则降低;通过分析横向弛豫时间T_(2)分布曲线随温度变化的规律,发现比表面积大的土样结合水相对含量高,而结合水受土颗粒束缚作用强、冻结温度低,从而导致比表面积大的土样难以冻结。这是比表面积对冻结特征曲线产生影响的根本原因。     

Field survey and modelling of irrigation water quality indices in a Mediterranean island catchment: a comparison between spatial interpolation methods

ABSTRACT

A biannual survey of physico-chemical quality indices of 104 irrigation-water wells located in a cultivated plain of a Mediterranean island catchment was conducted using a multi-parameter probe. The campaign was planned so as to differentiate between the dry and wet seasons. The acquired data constituted the test bed for evaluating the results and the features of four spatial interpolation methods, i.e. ordinary kriging, universal kriging, inverse distance weighted and nearest neighbours, against those of the recently introduced bilinear surface smoothing (BSS). In several cases, BSS outperformed the other interpolation methods, especially during the two-fold cross-validation procedure. The study emphasizes the fact that both in situ measurements and good mathematical techniques for studying the spatial distribution of water quality indices are pivotal to agricultural practice management. In the specific case studied, the spatio-temporal variability of water quality parameters and the need for monitoring were evident, as low irrigation water quality was encountered throughout the study area.     

双线偏振雷达差分传播相移的质量控制

利用中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达 (C-band Polarimetric Doppler Radar on Wheel,CPDRW) 的外场试验,在统计分析降水、地物回波差分传播相移Φ_DP数据的差别与信噪比关系等基础上,提出了一套数据分析和处理的方法。该方法通过Φ_DP的异常波动并结合回波的强度Z_H和速度V_r信息将地物回波信号分离出来,在降水估测或衰减订正等定量应用时将其剔除。对于气象回波则根据信噪比及零滞后互相关系数ρ_HV(0) 将Φ_DP资料分为较好、较差和差3类。对于较好数据直接进行后续的预处理,对于较差数据先订正后处理,而对于差数据将其剔除以保证Φ_DP资料的整体质量。经过大量资料的验证,该方法在最大程度上保留气象信息的同时也保证了Φ_DP资料的质量,并能估算出质量较高的差分传播相移率K_DP资料。     

流速对D403型树脂从盐湖卤水中提取硼酸的影响研究

针对流速对D403型苯乙烯系多羟基类弱碱性硼特效离子交换树脂从盐湖卤水中提取硼酸的影响进行了研究,讨论了这种树脂对硼的吸附量与卤水流速的关系。