蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地边坡与盆缘的露石差异性

喀斯特露石常常占据一定比例的地表面积,且具有许多已知或未知的水文—生态功能,对于喀斯特地区的植被恢复和环境改善发挥着重要的作用。本实验运用样线法和拍照法识别喀斯特断陷盆地不同位置(盆缘和盆地边坡)露石的数量特征和外部形态特征,同时比较了两种方法测量样地岩石裸露率的精准度。结果发现:盆地边坡与盆缘的露石数量和外部特征存在显著差异,盆缘露石分布密度(0.54个·m-2)>盆地边坡(0.39个·m-2);但盆地边坡露石的长宽比大于盆缘,单体占地面积为盆缘露石的两倍,接近40%的盆地边坡露石与山体等高线平行。样线法和拍照法测量样地岩石裸露率的结果存有差异,但并不显著,且这种差异呈现出随着岩石裸露率的增加而逐渐增加的趋势,拍照测量结果具有较小的变异系数。这些结果说明了研究区露石具有较强的空间异质性,对解释地表水土运移规律和植物分布提供重要参考。拍照法能准确地测量岩石裸露率,并提供露石外部形态特征的精准数据,可以作为喀斯特样地露石调查的新方法加以推广。     

全球粮食安全格局的时空演化

Food security is the primary prerequisite for achieving other Millennium Development Goals(MDGs).Given that the MDG of“halving the proportion of hungers by 2015”was not realized as scheduled,it will be more pressing and challenging to reach the goal of zero hunger by 2030.So there is high urgency to find the pattern and mechanism of global food security from the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution.In this paper,based on the analysis of database by using a multi-index evaluation method and radar map area model,the global food security level for 172 countries from 2000 to 2014 were assessed;and then spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to depict the spatial patterns and changing characteristics of global food security;then,multi-nonlinear regression methods were employed to identify the factors affecting the food security patterns.The results show:1)The global food security pattern can be summarized as“high-high aggregation,low-low aggregation”.The most secure countries are mainly distributed in Western Europe,North America,Oceania and parts of East Asia.The least secure countries are mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa,South Asia and West Asia,and parts of Southeast Asia.2)Europe and sub-Saharan Africa are hot and cold spots of the global food security pattern respectively,while in non-aggregation areas,Haiti,North Korea,Tajikistan and Afghanistan have long-historical food insecurity problems.3)The pattern of global food security is generally stable,but the internal fluctuations in the extremely insecure groups were significant.The countries with the highest food insecurity are also the countries with the most fluctuated levels of food security.4)The annual average temperature,per capita GDP,proportion of people accessible to clean water,political stability and non-violence levels are the main factors influencing the global food security pattern.Research shows that the status of global food security has improved since the year 2000,yet there are still many challenges such as unstable global food security and acute regional food security issues.It will be difficult to understand these differences from a single factor,especially the annual average temperature and annual precipitation.The abnormal performance of the above factors indicates that appropriate natural conditions alone do not absolutely guarantee food security,while the levels of agricultural development,the purchasing power of residents,regional accessibility,as well as political and economic stability have more direct influence.     

Designing a spatial pattern to rebalance the orientation of development and protection in Wuhan

Patterns of spatial development and protection form a basic category of geoscience,and redesigning them is a popular subject of research in regional sustainable development that is important for ecological civilization construction.The authors here report a case study of Wuhan city using the circuit theory model and minimum cumulative resistance(MCR)model to rebalance its spatial protection and development.The results show the following:(1)Using the density of the gross domestic product(GDP),density of population,rate of urbanization,and access to transportation as evaluation indicators,seven core areas of development in Wuhan were identified,accounting for 59%of the total number of streets,that exhibited a “circular-satellite”spatial structure.(2)According to the importance of ecosystem services,ecological sensitivity,land use type,and slope of the terrain,the resistance surface of spatial development in Wuhan had a stereoscopic spatial form of an“inverted pyramid,”with high surroundings and a low center.The area of low resistance accounted for 6.64%of the total area of Wuhan.(3)Based on coupling analysis using the MCR and spatial morphological characteristics of current,nine axes of spatial development with a total area of 427.27 km2 and eight key strategic points with a total area of 40.02 km2 were identified.Streets that were prioritized for development accounted for 9.63%of Wuhan's total area.(4)By combining the characterization of the development axis with the structure of the three-level core area,we extracted the structure of spatial development of "one heart,two wings,and three belts" in Wuhan.The research framework and empirical results can provide scientific guidance for the urban spatial layout,the development of regional linkages,and ecological environmental protection in China.     

空间分析与生物地球化学循环:西藏林周县大骨节病患病村与非患病村的比较研究

西藏林周县是我国大骨节病(KBD)患病较为严重的地区之一,本文将林周县作为研究区,通过使用地理探测器(GeoDetector)量化分析KBD患病率风险因子的影响,并使用环境化学方法验证空间分析结果。通过对10个潜在影响因子的分析以及对当地KBD患病村和非患病村的土壤-水-粮食-人这一生物地球化学循环的环境化学分析,结果表明:(1)林周县KBD由一组多重且交互作用的环境影响因子共同作用影响,其中最重要的控制因子是地层因子;(2)所有环境介质(土壤、水、谷物)及人体组织中的硒元素浓度在KBD患病区均低于非患病区;(3)当地居民对硒和铬的摄入严重不足,尤其是KBD患病村中居民硒元素平均日摄入量(ADD)大约仅为世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的成人基本摄入量下限的4%;(4)我们推测,当地居民患病主要是由于地层这一影响因子,这是由于通过生态系统的迁移转化导致当地人口严重硒缺乏,最终导致地方性生物地球化学硒缺乏。     

旅游城市餐饮业空间布局特征--以拉萨市为例

受城市功能定位、旅游消费驱动等因素影响,旅游城市餐饮产业空间布局具有其自身特征。通过对互联网电子地图POI数据的挖掘,并结合ArcGIS最近邻分析、标准差椭圆、核密度分析和缓冲区分析工具,本文分析了高原旅游城市拉萨市主城区餐饮业空间分布格局特征及其影响因素(基于道路交通、旅游资源和人口视角)。研究发现拉萨市主城区餐饮业空间分布总体呈现集聚特征,主要集中在交通发达和旅游资源密集区周边地区;常住人口集聚区域餐饮点同样集中布局,餐饮点密集区与实时人口密集区高度重叠。针对拉萨市城市空间结构、功能定位和旅游发展,文章进一步提出拉萨市餐饮业空间布局优化措施。     

多源地理空间矢量数据关联分析

针对多源地理空间矢量数据多来源、难以集成综合利用这一现状,本文提出了多源地理空间矢量数据关联方法,并以此为基础构建了多源地理空间矢量数据关联的可视与计算查询系统。首先,对多源地理空间矢量数据关联的概念及分类进行了定义。然后,以此为基础,提出了关联关系构建技术：自适应四叉树编码技术、扫描线技术、几何匹配及语义匹配技术。最后,为实现关联关系的直观展示,设计了原型系统。关联技术的提出可建立起多源地理空间矢量数据之间的关联关系,原型系统的构建也为用户综合利用多源地理空间矢量数据提供了平台,提高了数据的利用率及数据查询的效能。     

矢量曲线的视觉清晰度及在网络地图综合中的应用

互联网用户参与的地图制图容易出现视觉冲突、压盖、拥挤等地图表达问题,需要引入地图自动综合协助解决。网络地图中由于原图比例尺和综合后比例尺均难以准确量化,常规地图自动综合基于“原图比例尺-综合后比例尺”判断是否需要综合的方法已不再适用。矢量数据在可视化后会产生视觉粘连,视觉粘连越明显,地图表达效果越差,综合的需求也越强烈。基于此规律,本文提出对视觉粘连进行定量描述并据此判断是否需要综合。首先,从人类视觉感受出发,结合栅格化思想设计了矢量曲线视觉粘连的量化指标——视觉清晰度。然后,基于“金字塔式”的尺度空间计算曲线在多个比例尺表达的清晰度,并拟合了清晰度的变化函数。最后,将该函数应用于众源地理数据的网络地图综合决策。试验结果表明,本文方法可准确判断每条矢量曲线是否需要综合,能有效解决地理数据尺度异质性带来的可视化难题。同时,清晰度变化函数将曲线的尺度描述由静态数值扩展到连续函数,有望更好地支持多尺度空间数据处理及网络地图综合等问题。     

基于GIS的石家庄市雾霾分析

为了得出雾霾气象成因机制、影响因素和时空分布特征,以石家庄市区与郊县为研究区域,将2013年9月至2016年12月石家庄市各市区、郊县的PM2.5历史监测数据中的有效数据进行了数据分析处理得到雾霾浓度数据,还有温度、降水、风速、地形和人口密度等数据,运用GIS分析的方法,模拟绘制石家庄雾霾的时空分布图、雾霾与各影响因子的专题对比图,得到雾霾形成机制的因子、雾霾的时空分布规律、雾霾季节变化特征、雾霾与地形间的关系等;运用数据分析软件OriginPro8.SR3分析雾霾浓度与风速数据、降雨数据、温度数据间的相关性。     

复杂地形景区三维导览图的设计与实现

为满足复杂地形景区对三维地图导览的需求,构建更为清晰的三维地图模型,提供良好的三维导览地图设计方案显得尤为重要。为了更好地与卫星影像进行贴合,DEM数据的采样密度要与卫星影像的分辨率一致。本文通过对比当下常用的四种空间插值方法的适用范围与运用特点,设置相关阈值及权重,直观比较了四种插值方法产生的插值结果,选择更适合复杂景区DEM插值的插值方法并对其进行精度提升,以此得到符合精度要求的DEM数据。最后利用相应地区的卫星影像进行地图投影及影像贴图,两种数据结合构建复杂景区的三维地图模型,给游客带来更为精确直观的定位信息和空间要素信息。     

基于多分辨率分析的GF-5和GF-1遥感影像空—谱融合

针对空间分辨率比率较大尺度差异下的高分五号(GF-5)与高分一号(GF-1)卫星影像的空—谱融合问题,提出多传感器影像融合策略:一方面,通过现有空—谱融合方法的分步融合得到融合影像;另一方面,在分步融合理论基础上,推导得出一体化融合基础框架,并进一步提出基于多分辨率分析的多传感器一体化融合方法,缓解现有方法因空间分辨率比率过大导致影像空、谱互补信息难以有效集成的问题。其中,提出的一体化融合方法基于调制传递函数MTF (Modulation Transfer Function)滤波对多传感器影像空间(高频)和光谱(低频)分量进行分解提取,并充分考虑多传感器高空间分辨率影像与高光谱分辨率影像之间的关系,以及高光谱分辨率影像波段间关系,设计合理的融合权重,最终可得到具有最高空间分辨率和最高光谱分辨率的融合影像。通过GF-1全色影像、GF-1多光谱影像、GF-5高光谱影像数据对提出方法进行实验验证,结果表明:本文方法可有效集成多传感器影像间的空、谱互补信息,得到较优融合结果。