孤立性肺结核瘤的 CT 诊断?

目的：探讨孤立性肺结核瘤（SPT）的 CT 表现。方法：回顾性分析26例经病理确诊的 SPT患者的 CT 资料,所有患者均做了胸部 CT 平扫,其中15例加做增强扫描。结果：26个病灶中,左右肺各13个病灶,位于上肺尖后段及下肺背段共18个,其余部位 8个,病灶长径约3～54 mm,其中正确诊断为肺结核瘤7例,占27％,误诊为周围型肺癌15例,占58％,误诊为炎性假瘤3例,误诊为其他病变1例。结论：SPT 容易误诊为肺癌等病变,CT 引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是确诊的有效方法。     

下凹内孤立波致流场结构及其影响因素的实验研究

为进一步探究海洋内孤立波诱导流场对海洋工程结构物以及潜航器的影响,本文采用重力塌陷方法和粒子图像测速(Particle Image velocimetry,PIV)技术在大型分层流水槽中进行内孤立波造波以及内部流速场测量,定量分析了下凹型内孤立波诱导流场结构及其影响因素。研究表明:在密度分层流体中,PIV技术可实现对大幅面内孤立波诱导流场的精细测量以及波动结构特征的准确描述;水平流速在上下层方向相反且在跃层处最小,其剪切作用在波谷附近最强;垂向流动在波前和波后分别为上升和下沉流,两者流速值在距离波谷1/4~1/2波长位置达到最大;在相同内孤立波振幅条件下,上下层流体密度差越大、厚度比越小,则波致流场越强;随着振幅增大,流场结构与Kd V、e Kd V和MCC理论模型对应波幅适用范围的描述相吻合。     

A Corrected Solid Boundary Treatment Method for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method (SPH) has a good adaptability for simulating of free surface flow problems. However, there are some shortcomings of SPH which are still in open discussion. This paper presents a corrected solid boundary handling method for weakly compressible SPH. This improved method is very helpful for numerical stability and pressure distribution. Compared with other solid boundary handling methods, this corrected method is simpler for virtual ghost particle interpolation and the ghost particle evaluation relationship is clearer. Several numerical tests are given, like dam breaking, solitary wave impact and sloshing tank waves. The results show that the corrected solid boundary processing method can recover the spurious oscillations of pressure distribution when simulating the problems with complex geometry boundary.     

Ocean-Acoustic Solitary Wave Studies and Predictions

Shallow water internal solitary waves have become a major topic ofinterest to oceanographers and acousticians. In this paper we reviewthe cross-disciplinary status of joint ocean-acoustic solitary wavestudies and predictions. We consider the process of acoustical modecoupling in the presence of solitary waves and the correspondingacoustical intensity loss due to increased coupling with the bottom. Astudy of the interaction of an acoustical field with a train ofsolitary waves is undertaken at a range of frequencies. At a resonantfrequency the acoustic field can interact with the solitary wavepacket which results in mode conversions (acoustic energy isredistributed among the modes, often from lower-order to higher-ordermodes). Higher signal losses can occur in the higher order modesthrough increased bottom attenuation and result in an anomalousacoustical intensity loss at the resonant frequency.We present some new results of joint ocean-acoustic research, from adedicated study in the Strait of Messina, where solitary waves aregenerated by semidiurnal tidal flow over topographic variations. TheUniversity of Hamburg weakly nonhydrostatic two layer model is used forsimulating the generation and propagation of solitary waves. In particular, the physicalstates encountered during an October 1995 cruise in the Strait of Messina (betweenItaly and Sicily) are simulated. Various parameter space sensitivity studies, about theexisting cruise conditions, are performed. The modelled solitary wave trains arecompared against conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) chain measurements interms of amplitudes, wavelengths, phase speeds and correlations with data. Predictedand observed sound speeds are used in acoustical intensity calculations thatare conducted with a parabolic equation (PE) model. The differences in theresultant acoustical intensity fields provide a guide for the tuning of theoceanographic model parameters. The tuned oceanographic model showsagreement with data for the first and second solitary waves in terms ofamplitude, wavelength and phase speed. The calculated available potentialenergy from the simulation results is in the range of the data analogue.     

Inundation and isolation: dynamics of phytoplankton communities in seasonal inundated flood plain waters of the Lower Odra Valley National Park — Northeast Germany

The flood plains of the Lower Odra are inundated in winter and spring and are desiccated in summer and autumn. Phytoplankton composition as well as its seasonal succession in permanent oxbows and separate lakes were investigated between 1993 and 1996. Solitary centric diatoms were the characteristic phytoplankton taxa of these flood plain waters. They dominated the main channel non-seasonally, the flood plains during the entire inundation phase and long periods of the isolation phase. Only during long phases of low mixing (maximal 1.5-2 months in summer) separate water bodies were dominated by Cyano- and/or Dinophyceae. This special feature of the Lower Odra Valley is explained by the Inundation-Isolation-Model of phytoplankton development influenced by inundation. Out of a high diverse algal spectrum of 495 taxa, specialities such as 9 endangered taxa and 6 halophilous taxa were discussed. Additionally, taxon specific cell-volumes and maxima of biovolumes were given.     

Modelling Internal Solitary Waves in the Coastal Ocean

In the coastal oceans, the interaction of currents (such as the barotropic tide) with topography can generate large-amplitude, horizontally propagating internal solitary waves. These waves often occur in regions where the waveguide properties vary in the direction of propagation. We consider the modelling of these waves by nonlinear evolution equations of the Korteweg–de Vries type with variable coefficients, and we describe how these models are used to describe the shoaling of internal solitary waves over the continental shelf and slope. The theories are compared with various numerical simulations.     

Dynamics of the large-scale ULF electromagnetic wave structures in the ionosphere

The present article displays the results of theoretical investigation of the planetary ultra-low-frequency (ULF) electromagnetic wave structure, generation and propagation dynamics in the dissipative ionosphere. These waves are stipulated by a spatial inhomogeneous geomagnetic field. The waves propagate in different ionospheric layers along the parallels to the east as well as to the west and their frequencies vary in the range of (10–10⁻⁶) s⁻¹ with a wavelength of order 10³ km. The fast disturbances are associated with oscillations of the ionospheric electrons frozen in the geomagnetic field. The large-scale waves are weakly damped. They generate the geomagnetic field adding up to several tens of nanotesla (nT) near the Earth's surface. It is prescribed that the planetary ULF electromagnetic waves preceding their nonlinear interaction with the local shear winds can self-localize in the form of nonlinear long-living solitary vortices, moving along the latitude circles westward as well as eastward with a velocity different from the phase velocity of the corresponding linear waves. The vortex structures transfer the trapped particles of medium, as well as energy and heat. That is why such nonlinear vortex structures can be the structural elements of the ionospheric strong macro-turbulences.     

台湾岛东北海域潮致内孤立波二维数值模拟

现场观测和卫星遥感SAR图片均表明,台湾岛东北海域存在大量复杂的、无规则的内孤立波(列)。本文采用完全非线性非静力平衡的MITgcm模式,分别采用M2和K1分潮驱动,对该海域内孤立波的生成过程及其机制进行了二维数值模拟研究。研究揭示,该海域的内孤立波主要源于附近2个海槛处的潮地相互作用。正压潮流流经海脊时会激发内孤立波,潮流由退潮转换为涨潮时激发西向传播的内孤立波,由涨潮转换为退潮时则激发东向传播的内孤立波。通过对潮汐偏移及地形弗鲁德数的分析表明,内孤立波的产生机制是混合山后波机制。在海槛西侧,内孤立波在涨潮时向西传播,在落潮时受背景潮流的限制,西传速度明显减慢,甚至停滞;在海槛东侧,存在东传的第二模态内孤立波,并最终在向深海传播过程中逐渐消亡。本文设计了6个敏感性试验,以考察不同因子对内孤立波的生成和传播过程的影响。不同分潮驱动的数值实验表明,此区域的内孤立波主要是由半日分潮M2引起的,由于靠近全日分潮的临界纬度,单独的K1分潮不激发内孤立波。其他敏感性实验显示,海水层化对内孤立波的生成和传播有较大影响;科氏力对内孤立波的传播速度有一定的影响。     

基于高阶边界元的三维数值波浪港池

初步建立了一个基于高阶边界元的三维数值波浪港池,港池具有造波和消波功能。采用高阶边界元16节点四边形单元和基于二阶显式泰勒展开的混合欧拉-拉格朗日时间步进求解带自由表面的完全非线性势流方程。模型中对于影响数值精度的问题作了细致的处理。数值计算结果表明本港池可以用来模拟非线性波浪的传播,具有很高的数值精度和稳定性。