南海北部似海底反射层速度结构全波形反演

似海底反射层的速度异常是识别天然气水合物的重要标志,这里提出了一种针对天然气水合物似海底反射层的全波形反演方法。这种方法分为全局搜索与局部搜索二部份:首先使用遗传算法进行旅行时,反演得到背景速度模型;然后用其作为初始模型,使用共轭梯度算法进行全波形反演。通过对含噪数据的数值试验,算法表现出了较高的稳定性,并确定了进行全波形反演的遗传算子。将这种波形反演方法应用于我国南海北部海域的天然气水合物研究,反演得到了分辨率高于常规速度分析的似海底反射层速度结构,并识别出似海底反射层的速度异常。利用纵波速度反演的结果,计算出沉积物中游离气的含量,认为BSR下方的低速层可以解释为含至少1%游离气的薄层。并分析了研究区内甲烷气的来源,认为该区域游离气兼有生物气和热解气。     

漓江水系汞的分布和污染研究

对漓江水系干流、支流、连体湖泊、较大的孤立湖塘和近岸水井设置40个采样点。水样采样周期为2个水文年,分枯水季和丰水季两次采样,现场测定水温、电导率、pH值等理化参数。系统采集水样112件、底泥样40件、水草样40件、近岸土壤样40件。底泥样用逐步浸提法进行不同形态汞分析。研究结果显示,干流河水、底泥和水草中汞的平均含量分别为0．12μg／L、0．20μg／g和0．032μg／g;主要支流河水、底泥和水草中汞的平均含量高于干流,分别为0．15—0．23μg／L、0．38～1．7μg／g和0．028—0．044μg／g。底泥中汞含量均高于近岸土壤汞含量。无论是干流还是支流,河水汞含量与底泥、水草汞含量有明显的相关关系。由上游至下游,漓江水系干流、主要支流河水样汞含量均不断增高,可高出源头河水汞含量的1．5—5倍。相应地指示重金属离子污染的参考指标——电导率值不断增高,河水的pH值亦逐渐增高。丰水期（5月至6月）河水中的汞含量（0．12—0．28μg／L）明显高于枯水期（9月至11月）河水中的汞含量（0．091—0．28μg／L）。不同断面河水汞含量均高于相应近岸井水汞含量。不同水体底泥中汞的形态分布一般顺序为：残渣态〉难氧化降解有机质结合态〉腐殖酸结合态〉碳酸盐和铁锰氧化物吸附态〉交换态〉易氧化降解有机质结合态〉水溶态。综合各项资料分析,认为漓江干流是桂林城市汞污染最大的汇。根据地表水环境质量标准（GB3838--2002）,仅汞而言,漓江水系均达到Ⅳ类水质标准（河水中汞含量≤1μg／L）。漓江支流汞污染高于干流,对干流存在较大的污染风险。     

积雪底部温度(BTS)方法在冻土分布调查和模型研究中的应用:研究进展

多年冻土的调查方法很多,如坑探、物探、遥感等,但相对于积雪底部温度(BTS)测量方法来说,这些方法都比较费时、费力、费钱.目前,BTS已经被成功应用于阿尔卑斯山等地多年冻土的调查研究,不过在国内的应用却是个空白.引入BTS方法,希望能为我国多年冻土的研究开辟一条新路.     

西霞口龙眼港-4.5m码头加固扩建施工新方法

以山东西霞口集团龙眼港—4.5m码头的改扩建工程为例,阐述了采用三管法旋喷桩托底置换、加劲旋喷桩配合锚拉支护方法在码头改造施工中的可行性及其施工工艺和施工方法,为同类工程施工积累了经验。     

排土场滑坡与泥石流灾害控制技术与方法

对排土场滑坡破坏模式进行了FLAC3D模拟分析。结合具体工程实例,分析形成潜在滑坡、泥石流灾害的原因。针对排土场灾害,强调以防为主,防治结合的思想。提出以逆序排土工艺及倾斜分层排土工艺进行排土,提高排土场自身稳定;结合坡面疏导排水、底部泄流体等综合技术,对排土场灾害进行防治。对排土场灾害的预防与治理有一定的借鉴意义。     

Characteristics and influencing factors of frontal upwelling in the Yellow Sea in summer

Frontal upwelling is an important phenomenon in summer in the Yellow Sea (YS) and plays an essential role in the distribution of nutrients and biological species. In this paper, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is applied to investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of frontal upwelling in the YS. The results show that the strength and distribution of frontal upwelling are largely dependent on the topography and bottom temperature fronts. The frontal upwelling in the YS is stronger and narrower near the eastern coast than near the western coast due to the steeper shelf slope. Moreover, external forcings, such as the meridional wind speed and air temperature in summer and the air temperature in the preceding winter and spring, have certain influences on the strength of frontal upwelling. An increase in air temperature in the previous winter and spring weakens the frontal upwelling in summer; in contrast, an increase in air temperature in summer strengthens the frontal upwelling. When the southerly wind in summer increases, the upwelling intensifies in the western YS and weakens in the eastern YS. The air temperature influences the strength of upwelling by changing the baroclinicity in the frontal region. Furthermore, the meridional wind speed in summer affects frontal upwelling via Ekman pumping.     

Distribution characteristics of delta reservoirs reshaped by bottom currents: A case study from the second member of the Yinggehai Formation in the DF1-1 gas field,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The Dongfang1-1 gas field (DF1-1) in the Yinggehai Basin is currently the largest offshore self-developed gas field in China and is rich in oil and gas resources. The second member of the Pliocene Yinggehai Formation (YGHF) is the main gas-producing formation and is composed of various sedimentary types; however, a clear understanding of the sedimentary types and development patterns is lacking. Here, typical lithofacies, logging facies and seismic facies types and characteristics of the YGHF are identified based on high-precision 3D seismic data combined with drilling, logging, analysis and testing data. Based on 3D seismic interpretation and attribute analysis, the origin of high-amplitude reflections is clarified, and the main types and evolution characteristics of sedimentary facies are identified. Taking gas formation upper II (IIU) as an example, the plane distribution of the delta front and bottom current channel is determined; finally, a comprehensive sedimentary model of the YGHF second member is established. This second member is a shallowly buried “bright spot” gas reservoir with weak compaction. The velocity of sandstone is slightly lower than that of mudstone, and the reflection has medium amplitude when there is no gas. The velocity of sandstone decreases considerably after gas accumulation, resulting in an increase in the wave impedance difference and high-amplitude (bright spot) reflection between sandstone and mudstone; the range of high amplitudes is consistent with that of gas-bearing traps. The distribution of gas reservoirs is obviously controlled by dome-shaped diapir structural traps, and diapir faults are channels through which natural gas from underlying Miocene source rocks can enter traps. The study area is a delta front deposit developed on a shallow sea shelf. The lithologies of the reservoir are mainly composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, and a variety of sedimentary structural types reflect a shallow sea delta environment; upward thickening funnel type, strong toothed bell type and toothed funnel type logging facies are developed. In total, 4 stages of delta front sand bodies (corresponding to progradational reflection seismic facies) derived from the Red River and Blue River in Vietnam have developed in the second member of the YGHF; these sand bodies are dated to 1.5 Ma and correspond to four gas formations. During sedimentation, many bottom current channels (corresponding to channel fill seismic facies) formed, which interacted with the superposed progradational reflections. When the provenance supply was strong in the northwest, the area was dominated by a large set of delta front deposits. In the period of relative sea level rise, surface bottom currents parallel to the coastline were dominant, and undercutting erosion was obvious, forming multistage superimposed erosion troughs. Three large bottom current channels that developed in the late sedimentary period of gas formation IIU are the most typical.     

机载激光测深技术

首先基于海水的光学特性介绍了机载激光测深原理,然后根据国内外的研究现状介绍了机载激光测深系统的性能指标和系统构成,最后介绍了在海底地形测量、障碍物探测、近岸海洋工程建设等方面的应用。为从事机载激光测深系统研发和应用的技术人员提供相关原理和背景参考。     

基于QSSP的震源破裂过程反演方法

在Qt平台上,基于QSSP软件,利用C⁺⁺进行地震破裂过程反演方法研究。采用按阶段反演的方法,第1阶段反演采用热浴算法进行全局搜索,先按断层区域的构造背景等初始条件对参数范围进行划取,在该范围内随机给定一组初始值开始迭代,使波形初步拟合避开局部最优解;第2阶段反演使用拟牛顿法进行快速收敛,提高波形拟合程度,迭代至目标函数小于误差条件时停止,输出满足误差条件的待解模型参数。为避免模型参数出现病态问题,使用拉普拉斯方程建立平滑矩阵并引入平滑因子对断层模型进行平滑约束。使用棋盘模型验证该方法的稳定性和可靠性。最后,将全国13个台站的重力数据积分后对2013-04-20芦山7.0级地震的破裂过程进行反演,并与其他研究结论进行对比分析。     

GNSS/地磁组合的室内外无缝定位平滑过渡方法

针对室内外无缝定位在室内外过渡点精度低、不能平滑自动切换等问题,结合GNSS定位技术以及室内地磁指纹节点的组合方法来实现室内外无缝定位及导航。由于从室外至室内时接收机接收到的卫星星数减少、GDOP值逐渐增加、定位的误差增大,因此室内地磁定位精度逐渐优于GNSS定位精度,在两个定位精度临界点通过分析计算得出GDOP最优转化范围值,进行平稳切换。此次试验仿真结果表明,GDOP在3~3.5进行切换与单一GNSS或地磁方法定位的精度相比,分别提高85.7%和82.6%,从而达到了室内外的高精度无缝定位,填补了国内外在室内外无缝定位上没有合适的切换界定的空白。