基于 Biot-Stoll 模型声速反演中的参数选择——以南海南部沉积物为例

研究海底表层沉积物性质对海洋矿产资源探测、海洋工程建设等有重要的意义。Biot-Stoll模型可以模拟预测海底沉积物的物理性质,但采用不同的参数模拟的效果不同。Stoll参数是各种海洋环境下模型达到最佳预测的单一数值的形式;Schock参数则是对渗透率、孔隙大小、沉积物孔隙曲折度等修改后的函数表达式形式,更接近沉积物实际情况。采用Stoll参数和Schock参数分别计算了南海南部海区海底沉积物纵波速度,并对南海南部沉积物样品进行了计算和实测对比,结果表明,采用Stoll参数计算误差较大,平均为3.962%;采用Schock参数计算误差较小,平均为0.847%。因此,在南海南部海区采用Schock参数预测海底表层沉积物物理性质更准确。     

世界海底富钴结壳资源分布特征

大洋富钴结壳资源是潜在的海底金属资源。文章对富钴结壳资源在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋分布的数据进行收集、整理、筛选、建库,从全球角度出发,对富钴结壳的分布特征进行了分析和对比。研究发现,海山、洋脊、海盆和陆坡4种地貌的Co品位分别为0.70%、0.46%、0.50%和0.43%,海山地貌更有利于高Co品位结壳的产出。三大洋中,太平洋海山富钴结壳矿点的分布比例占到了已知总数的73.3%,说明太平洋海山区是世界海底富钴结壳资源主要的产出区。根据入库数据的分布特点,在全球划分出10个富钴结壳成矿区,结合结壳的厚度和分布水深,从各成矿区中划分出富集区,并按照2 cm厚度和4 cm厚度的标准分别对富集区的富钴结壳资源量进行了估算。计算结果显示,太平洋富矿区的富钴结壳质量最好,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.00%、0.66%、0.44%、0.09%,干结壳资源量分别为2426.33 Mt、70.30 Mt、48.75 Mt、10.30 Mt;按4 cm厚度指标,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.70%、0.58%、0.48%、0.11%,干结壳资源量分别为1184.53 Mt、29.76 Mt、24.53 Mt、5.01 Mt。     

Installation of ocean bottom bases for observation of seafloor crustal movement

Abstract

Ocean bottom bases (OBBs) have been installed on both sides of the axis of the Sagami Trough east of the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, as the first step toward long‐term geodetic and geophysical observations at the plate boundary (subduction zone). The OBB is a platform for seafloor measurements; otherwise it is difficult to find an appropriate place for precise seafloor measurements in the subduction zones. It is made of a nonmagnetic concrete block of size 1100 × 1100 × 500 mm. It was lowered from a ship using a winch wire and installed on a predetermined place with its position being monitored by an acoustic transponder system and a 30‐kHz bottom pinger with an accuracy of about 2 m.

It was confirmed later during the divings on board the submersible Shinkai 2000 that the OBB was installed on a flat mud bottom in normal condition. No change has been recognized in the installation condition in 3 years; the OBB is stable enough to be used for acoustic range measurements on the seafloor as well as for several geophysical measurements.

The resolution of seafloor range measurement can be improved by two orders by using phase measurement techniques with the aid of pulse compression. Precise acoustic range measurement of the order of 10^?5 is feasible under the following conditions: two‐way measurements between the two OBBs installed on the slope facing each other with angles larger than 1.5°. Correction is necessary for the effect of long‐term temperature variation.     

莺歌海盆地中央坳陷带海底天然气渗漏系统初探

地球物理资料表明,莺歌海盆地区麻坑众多,浅层气发育,在高分辨率地震剖面上可以识别出到达海底的地震模糊带,在3.5 kHz的浅层剖面上可见穿透到海底的气体聚集带,在声呐图像可以识别出麻坑.莺歌海盆地不仅在其边缘隆起带沉积层较薄的地区存在海底天然气渗漏现象,而且在中央坳陷带沉积层巨厚的地区也存在海底天然气渗漏,海底天然气渗漏在莺歌海盆地是广泛分布的.莺歌海盆地广泛分布的海底天然气渗漏是全球海底天然气渗漏系统的重要组成部分,海底天然气渗漏系统排出的大量甲烷气体的一部分可能穿越水层到达海面.     

疲劳模型评价海底粉土不稳定性的应用

该文探讨疲劳模型在评价海底粉土不稳定性中的应用。研究表明以超孔压为疲劳参数 ,以 Ψ 作为孔压产生率的疲劳模型可用于预测海底粉土中超孔压的产生和累积。基于已有的疲劳模型 ,借鉴以孔压作为疲劳参数 ,运用包含有周期循环数的公式来预测超孔压的累积的思路 ,将粉土的动三轴孔压累积曲线用一条渐进线来代表 ,从而用一种新的且较简单的疲劳模型可预测超孔压的均值。     

Sulfur isotopic composition of modern seafloor hydrothermal sediment and its geological significance

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Ocean bottom tiltmeter with acoustic data retrieval system implanted by a submersible

Sensitive Ocean Bottom Implanted Tiltmeters (OBITs) with a sophisticated data retrieval system have been developed in order to observe directly the subduction of oceanic lithosphere. The OBIT is the first long-term geophysical instrument which was designed to be deployed by a manned deep-sea submersible. When the OBIT is put on oceanic lithosphere which is bending and is about to subduct under a deep sea trench, the OBIT records the subduction by observing the tilt of the surface of the lithosphere. The OBIT system has a sensitivity of 10^-8 radian, which is enough to detect the ongoing subduction in months or years. The OBIT may give an answer to the question whether there are fluctuations in the subduction rate.Two OBITs were successfully deployed on a seaward slope of the Kuril Trench by the newly built French deep submersible, Nautile. The OBITs were installed on the northwest shoulder of Erimo seamount, at a depth of 3930 m, in the Kuril Trench. In order to attain stable long-term observations of crustal deformations, the sensing unit was cemented onto bare rock by mortar. We have not yet had an opportunity to recover the data.The life of the instruments is expected to be more than five years. An acoustic data transmission system has been developed for the OBIT data recovery. The stored data can be retrieved at any moment during the observation period, with no need to retrieve the instruments nor to interrupt the observation, by use of the acoustic system. The acoustic system has a high data transmission rate as well as extremely low power consumption. This will be the first long-term crustal deformation measurement on the sea floor.     

Influence of repeated freeze-thaw on dynamic modulus and damping ratio properties of silty sand

Under repeated freezing and thawing in deep seasonal frozen regions, the stability and strength of the soil are imposed in the form of large uneven settlement, instability and strength reduction, which...     

西太平洋海底多金属结核空间分布与多波束回波强度的关系

西太平洋高丰度高覆盖率多金属结核的发现受到各国学者的高度关注,如何高效探测不同覆盖率和丰度的多金属结核分布特征是目前研究的重点。利用EM122多波束回波强度资料对西太平洋海盆结核分布特征进行分析,结果表明,回波强度的高低变化与结核覆盖率关系密切,而当结核覆盖率相当时,回波强度的高低变化反映了结核的粒径大小,其中大型结核（直径D>6 cm）较多时,回波强度值明显增大。利用最大似然分类方法对回波强度资料进行监督分类,得出深海沉积物、低丰度、中等丰度和高丰度结核空间分布,结果显示,深海粘土沉积区与丰度>>30 kg/m2的高丰度结核分布区多回波强度差异高达近20 dB。