甲基硅酸盐抑制粘土水化性能及机理

泥页岩水化分散是引起钻孔孔壁失稳,导致缩径、掉块、坍塌等孔内事故的主要原因,泥页岩抑制剂一直是复杂地层钻进技术研究的热点。通过对甲基硅酸钾、甲基硅酸钠、氯化钾、硅酸钠、硅酸钾5种抑制剂对粘土沉降稳定性、水化膨胀及造浆效果等性能测试,结果表明甲基硅酸盐具有良好抑制性;通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、水接触角和光学显微镜对甲基硅酸钾的抑制性作用机理进行了探讨。明确了钾离子的抑制性与表面疏水膜结构协同是甲基硅酸钾抑制粘土水化和防塌作用的原因。     

Liquidus Equilibria in the System K2O-Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-F2O-1-H2O to 100 MPa: I. Silicate-Fluoride Liquid Immiscibility in Anhydrous Systems

Liquidus relations in the four-component system Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–F₂O_–1were studied at 0· 1 and 100 MPa to define the locationof fluoride–silicate liquid immiscibility and outlinedifferentiation paths of fluorine-bearing silicic magmas. Thefluoride–silicate liquid immiscibility spans the silica–albite–cryoliteand silica–topaz–cryolite ternaries and the haplogranite-cryolitebinary at greater than 960°C and 0· 1–100 MPa.With increasing Al₂O₃ in the system and increasing aluminum/alkalication ratio, the two-liquid gap contracts and migrates fromthe silica liquidus to the cryolite liquidus. The gap does notextend to subaluminous and peraluminous melt compositions. Forall alkali feldspar–quartz-bearing systems, the miscibilitygap remains located on the cryolite liquidus and is thus inaccessibleto differentiating granitic and rhyolitic melts. In peralkalinesystems, the magmatic differentiation is terminated at the albite–quartz–cryoliteeutectic at 770°C, 100 MPa, 5 wt % F and cation Al/Na =0· 75. The addition of topaz, however, significantlylowers melting temperatures and allows strong fluorine enrichmentin subaluminous compositions. At 100 MPa, the binary topaz–cryoliteeutectic is located at 770°C, 39 wt % F, cation Al/Na 0·95, and the ternary quartz–topaz–cryolite eutecticis found at 740°C, 32 wt % F, 30 wt % SiO₂ and cation Al/Na 0· 95. Such location of both eutectics enables fractionationpaths of subaluminous quartz-saturated systems to produce fluorine-rich,SiO₂-depleted and nepheline-normative residual liquids. KEY WORDS: silicate melt; granite; rhyolite; fluorine; liquid immiscibility     

川西卡拉地区晚古生代硅质岩成因及沉积环境

为了研究川西卡拉地区晚古生代沉积环境特征,以该地区下石炭统邛依组和上二叠统卡翁沟组中广泛分布的硅质岩为研究对象,开展了岩石学、地球化学特征等研究。结果表明: 研究区古生代硅质岩属纯硅质岩范畴,在沉积过程中有持续的陆源物质供给; Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值0.62,结合Al-Fe-Mn三角图解,显示它们为生物成因硅质岩; Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)、Th/U、Th/Sc、(La/Ce)_N、(La/Yb)_N等特征比值以及构造环境判别图,反映出硅质岩沉积环境为大陆边缘的浅海-斜坡; Ce_anom值为-0.04~0.07,从石炭纪—二叠纪逐渐增大,指示水体为缺氧环境,且还原性逐渐增强。结合区域地质演化,认为甘孜理塘洋在石炭纪时期已经打开,并在二叠纪时期持续扩张,区内沉积盆地的海水逐渐变深。     

表层海水硅同位素的分布特征及其影响因素

本文分析了采集自太平洋、印度洋和大西洋的表层海水溶解硅酸盐的δ30Si值,结果表明,太平洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.45‰～2.91‰,平均值为(1.52±0.59)‰;印度洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.98‰～2.30‰,平均值为(1.52±0.36)‰;大西洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.90‰～2.23‰,其平均...     

新疆农田投入化肥时空变化及趋势分析

通过研究相关统计资料对新疆农田化肥投入在时间和空间上的变化进行了分析。结果表明：1980年以来新疆农田投入化肥分为稳步上升、快速增长和徘徊波动三个阶段。新疆农田投入化肥在空间上的变化为：地区间分布不平衡,南疆与北疆、棉区与粮区、兵团与地方之间差异明显。在此基础上对未来新疆化肥资源的施用趋势进行了讨论。     

江西金山含金黄铁矿的稀土元素赋存状态研究

稀土元素在地质领域得到广泛的应用,查明稀土元素在地质体中的赋存状态,对应用稀土元素解决地学问题非常有意义。本文利用分步溶样ICP-MS测试方法对江西金山金矿含金黄铁矿中稀土元素作了详细的研究,试图弄清黄铁矿中稀土元素的赋存状态。实验表明,金山金矿与金成矿关系密切的黄铁矿的流体包裹体中稀土元素的含量很低;而具有高稀土元素含量的硫化物中的稀土元素主要赋存在硫化物所包含的富Zr微矿物中,如锆石、金红石、尖晶石、钛铁矿等。这些微矿物究竟是以包裹体子晶的形式存在,还是以捕虏晶的形式存在尚有待进一步研究。黄铁矿中包含的硅酸盐相对黄铁矿稀土元素含量及特征的影响很大,直接制约了黄铁矿的稀土元素组成。黄铁矿流体包裹体与黄铁矿矿物的稀土元素组成虽然在含量上有差异,但其配分形式相似,所以黄铁矿的稀土元素组成可以代表黄铁矿中液体包裹体的稀土元素组成,通过分析黄铁矿的稀土元素特征,可以示踪成矿流体的来源与性质,前提是实验中不要将黄铁矿样品全部溶掉,以保证黄铁矿中所包裹的硅酸盐相不参与黄铁矿REE组成的测量。     

An efficient cost-sharing program to reduce nonpoint-source contamination: theory and an application to groundwater contamination

This research evaluates the economics of cost-sharing improved irrigation technologies to reduce agricultural, nonpoint-source contamination. Irrigation and fertilization inefficiencies are modeled within a nonjoint production process to evaluate both private and public costs of technology adoption and its effect on groundwater nitrate-contamination levels. A central Nebraska application indicates that even without a current government subsidy, a farmer is economically better off switching from gravity-flow to surge-flow irrigation rather than a center-pivot system. An annual government subsidy of $22.50 (US$) per hectare per year is required over the life of a center-pivot system to make the farmer financially indifferent. However, cost-sharing center-pivot adoption improves the groundwater contamination level, while other irrigation systems result in continued deterioration of groundwater quality. Received: 3 November 1998 · Accepted: 15 February 1999     

泥炭新产品-泥炭多元稀土颗粒复混肥开发试验研究

本文在概括介绍泥炭最新用途的基础上,重点阐述泥炭多元稀土颗粒复混肥开发试验的研究成果。具体包括泥炭原料的物化工艺性能评价和泥炭多元稀土颗粒复混肥的原料选取、配方设计及加工流程、农作物小区对比试验等。生产泥炭多元稀土颗粒复混肥的技术与流程可以概括为：将泥炭低温（〈７０℃）烘干１０ｈ,在碎机上碎至１００筛目。按比例用碳铵对普钙进行铵化处理,再按配方加入其他原料,搅拌均匀后,此时即制成掺合型泥炭多元稀土     

Hydrogen bonding interactions in phase A [Mg7Si2O8(OH)6] at ambient and high pressure

Neutron powder diffraction data of phase A (Mg₇Si₂O₈(OH)₆) were collected at ambient pressure and 3.2?GPa (calculated from the compressibility of phase A) from the deuterated compound, and the structure was refined using the Rietveld method. The derived crystal structure implies that hydrogen atoms occupy two distinct sites in phase A, both forming hydrogen bonds of different lengths with the same oxygen atom. This picture is supported by IR spectra, which exhibit two absorption bands at 3400 and 3513?cm^?1 corresponding to OH stretching vibrations, and proton NMR spectra, which display two peaks with equal intensities and isotropic chemical shifts of 3.7 and 5?ppm. The D-D distance [D(1)-D(2) distance] at ambient pressure was found to be 2.09?±?0.02?Å from the neutron diffraction data and 2.09?±?0.05?Å from the NMR spectra. At 3.2?GPa, there is no statistically significant increase in the O-D interatomic distance while the hydrogen bonding interaction D···O appears to increase for one of the hydrogen sites, D(1), which has the stronger hydrogen bonding interaction compared with the other hydrogen, D(2), at ambient pressure. The O-D bond valences, determined indirectly from the D···O distances were 0.86 and 0.91 at ambient pressure, and 0.83 and 0.90?at 3.2?GPa, for D(1) and D(2), respectively.