墨西哥湾“深水地平线”溢油事故处理研究进展

2010年4月20日美国墨西哥湾"深水地平线"石油钻井平台发生爆炸,并引发大火,致使大量的原油(~500万桶)在深海(~1 500m)泄露,这场灾难造成了巨大的环境和经济损失,也对石油开采业的发展产生了负面影响。文中综述了此次事故溢出石油的总量,泄露速率以及测量相关数据中所涉及的技术及方法,对进一步研究溢油转移的趋势和转化过程具有指导意义。喷洒了6.6×106 L的消油剂,消油剂可以促使溢油的快速分散,同时也会给海洋生态系统造成一定的影响。该事故对墨西哥湾的植被和海洋生物有不同程度的影响,如沼泽植被、海水中的浮游动/植物、鱼类、贝类、珊瑚虫、迁徙鸟类,甚至是墨西哥湾大型底栖生物。此次溢油事故涉及各种不同的环境情况,为研究石油烃降解菌在溢油转移和降解过程中种群和群落的变化提供了一个独特的机会,消油剂处理过的溢油转化机理以及微生物降解过程中生物表面活性剂的产生与生物标志物以及微生物菌落的变化之间的关系,仍需要进一步的深入研究和探讨。     

Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviors of A Floating Structure in Focused Waves

Floating structures are commonly seen in coastal and offshore engineering. They are often subjected to extreme waves and, therefore, their nonlinear dynamic behaviors are of great concern. In this paper, an in-house CFD code is developed to investigate the accurate prediction of nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a two-dimensional (2-D) box-shaped floating structure in focused waves. Computations are performed by an enhanced Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based Cartesian grid model, in which a more accurate VOF (Volume of Fluid) method, the THINC/SW scheme (THINC: tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing; SW: Slope Weighting), is used for interface capturing. A focusing wave theory is used for the focused wave generation. The wave component of constant steepness is chosen. Comparisons between predictions and physical measurements show good agreement including body motions and free surface profiles. Although the overall agreement is good, some discrepancies are observed for impact pressure on the superstructure due to water on deck. The effect of grid resolution on the results is checked. With a fine grid, no obvious improvement is seen in the global body motions and impact pressures due to water on deck. It is concluded that highly nonlinear phenomena, such as distorted free surface, large-amplitude body motions, and violent impact flow, have been predicted successfully.     

基于GIS的土地储备业务管理系统的研究与实现

土地是支撑城市社会经济发展和基础设施建设的空间基础,作为自然物的土地具有价值属性。土地储备涉及市土地开发中心前期部、征地部、出让部、工程部、合同部、计财部等内部职能部门,涉及测绘、规划、房管、农业、城市更新、发改、人民政府等外部单位,交互业务较多,因此土地的规划、审批、征收、出让、工程等流程复杂、管理困难。本文介绍了土地储备业务管理系统的实现思路,系统实现建立业务审批体系。规范资金使用和管理,达到海量数据高效处理、图属档一体化、实时信息在线共享、流程优化协同办理、短信督办提醒的目标,满足对土地储备情况的宏观监管和微观审批,形成完善的土地储备业务管理体系。     

太平洋潜热通量及其与黄淮夏季降水的关系

研究了1979—2010年太平洋潜热通量的变化特征及其与中国黄淮夏季降水的关系。结果表明,潜热通量的气候场和方差场均存在着明显的季节变化,且各季节气候场的极值中心也是变化幅度较大的区域。黄淮地区降水与前期春季的潜热场相关性最好。定义了黄淮夏季降水指数来研究影响降水的潜热场关键区,发现春季潜热关键区为10°~20°N之间的中东太平洋和热带东太平洋沿岸海区。春季当上述两个海区净潜热通量增多时,后期夏季500hPa和850hPa位势高度异常场中,在太平洋西海岸-阿拉斯加南部一线上均表现为"正—负—正"的分布型,黄淮降水偏多。     

南半球中纬度偶极模态与亚洲—非洲夏季降水

南半球大气环流第一模态为南极涛动, 它表现出较好的纬向对称结构。本工作利用经验正交分解方法研究发现, 在南半球的东半球, 夏季(6~9月)大气环流还存在一个重要的模态。不同于南极涛动, 该模态表现为显著的纬向偶极分布, 本文定义其为偶极模态。在海平面气压场上, 该模态的解释方差可以达到20%以上, 表现出显著的年际变化特征。进一步的研究发现, 该偶极模态与亚非夏季降水存在密切联系, 尤其与我国华南、南亚以及热带非洲东部地区的夏季降水存在显著的正相关关系。机制分析表明, 南半球这一偶极模态的异常会影响东半球越赤道气流的变化, 从而造成向上述三个地区的水汽输送的多寡, 并最终导致这三个地区夏季降水发生变化。本工作揭示的偶极模态变化独立于南极涛动, 研究结果不但可以深化对南半球环流系统变化特征及影响的认识, 而且对亚非夏季降水的变化特征和机制研究也具有重要意义。     

A diagnostic analysis on the effect of the residual layer in convective boundary layer development near Mongolia using 20th century reanalysis data

Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer,its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly20 th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified daily by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by(30°–60° N, 80°–120° E), where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged(40°–50°N, 90°–110° E) variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970–2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.     

基于CoLM模型的根分布对陆-气水热交换的影响研究:以玉米农田为例

利用2007—2008年辽宁锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料,基于CoLM模型对玉米根分布在陆-气水热通量模拟中的影响进行研究,结果表明:模型模拟性能随年际气象条件的差异而不同,与2007年相比,2008年生长季内降水偏多,感热和潜热模拟精度明显提高;决定根分布形态的50%和95%根总量土层深度(d50和d95)两个参数中,d50比d95敏感;根分布对土壤湿度的影响在极端干旱条件下很小,在一定土壤湿度范围内随土壤湿度及土层深度的增大而减小;在水汽通量各分量中,植物蒸腾受根分布影响最大,其次是土壤蒸发,而叶片蒸发不受影响;根分布对潜热和感热模拟的影响随土壤湿度增大而减小。     

偏东气流诱发川西高原东侧两次对流暴雨过程的对比分析

利用区域自动站加密观测资料、NCEP/CFSR 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料以及0.01°×0.01°全球地形资料等,对2013年夏季发生在川西高原东侧两次对流暴雨天气过程中偏东气流的作用和特征进行了对比分析,重点研究两次过程中中低层偏东气流的活动特征、风场的垂直结构和温湿特征及其在对流暴雨中的作用等。结果表明：（1）7月3日过程高原东侧偏东风活动在850 hPa以下,持续时间约20 h,风速平均为2 m·s-1;8月6日过程偏东风活动在700 hPa以下,持续时间也能达到20 h,风速约为4 m·s-1;两次过程均是在天气尺度的西风槽东移与地形的共同作用下,诱生了高原东侧对流层中低层偏东气流,偏东气流形成时间比对流降水发生时间早约12 h。（2）两次过程偏东气流具有高相当位温属性,在其上方存在干冷空气活动,形成了有利的对流不稳定层结。相比较而言,后一次过程偏东气流出现的高度和风速明显增强后,与偏西风形成了更大的低层垂直风切变,暖湿能量局地集中特征更为显著,对于水汽和能量持续输送能力更强,因而引发的对流降水强度明显更大。（3）前一次过程盆地内起伏波动的偏东风与辐合中心及气旋性涡度中心配置关系较差,只是当偏东风受强迫抬升后,在地形附近激发出对流,并使降水主要位于地形附近;后一次过程盆地内平直的偏东风与辐合中心及涡度中心配置关系较好,尺度相当,因此激发出的对流强度和范围有明显增大,强降水沿地形向盆地西部发展。     

Formation of one-dimensional waves for resonant flow in a channel

When a forcing moves in a shallow channel at a velocity near the phase velocity for linear long waves, energy cannot escape from the forcing at the linear group velocity and nonlinear effects become important in describing the resulting flow. This flow is termed resonant or transcritical. It has been found both experimentally and numerically that large amplitude upstream propagating waves are generated by the forcing. These waves are straight crested, even though the forcing is two-dimensional. It is shown that these upstream waves become straight crested due to geometrical effects aided by the presence of side walls. Using energy conservation, approximate values of the amplitude of the upstream waves are obtained which are compared with recent experimental and numerical results.     

Simulation of the Askervein flow. Part 2: Large-eddy simulations

Large-eddy simulations of the neutrally stratified flow over the Askervein Hill were performed, to improve the knowledge of the flow obtained from field measurements and numerical simulations with Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods. A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid model was used but, to avoid the underdissipative character near the ground, it was merged with a damped Smagorinsky model. Simulations of a flat boundary-layer flow with this subgrid model showed that the turbulent vertical motions and shear stress were better resolved using grids with a stream to spanwise aspect ratio Δx / Δy = 2 than with an aspect ratio Δx / Δy = 1. Regarding the flow over the Askervein Hill, it was found that large-eddy simulations provide an acceptable solution for the mean-velocity field and better predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy in the upstream side of the hill than the model. However, as with the model, grid convergence was not achieved in the lee side and the size of the zone with reversed flow increased with the grid refinement. Nevertheless, the existence of the intermittent separation predicted with unsteady RANS in part one of this work seems unquestionable, due to the deceleration of the flow. In our opinion, a better modelling of the decelerating boundary layer in the lee side is required to improve the results obtained using equilibrium assumptions and achieve grid convergence.