对虾清洁养殖模式的初步研究

对虾养殖是我国海水养殖的主导产业,20世纪90年代初全国对虾养殖面积达16×104hm2,最高年产量超过22×104t,约占全球对虾养殖总产量的30%.但是,1993年以来全国范围内的大规模暴发性对虾流行病给我国的对虾养殖业造成了严重影响,由此造成的直接和间接经济损失据估计已达上百亿元.如何尽快摆脱疾病的困扰,使我国的养虾业走上稳定、健康、持续发展的路子,已成为广泛关注的问题.     

养殖对虾微型生物污着症的特征

于1991年3 - 9月和1992年3 - 9月，在中国沿海广东、海南、福建、浙江、江苏、山东、河北、天津和辽宁等9个省市的养殖场采集中国对虾、斑节对虾和长毛对虾3种对虾标本，运用显微和亚显微观察方法，对养殖对虾的微型生物污着症进行研究。结果表明，患该症的对虾其体表污着生物群落通常由微型生物组成，包括各种细菌、藻类和原生动物，主要类群是具柄的缘毛美纤毛虫；其他观察到的常见类群包括丝状和非丝状的细菌、附着性藻类和吸管虫类；在养成期偶尔发现有营薛虫和藤壶等大型污着生物。对育苗期和养成期中国对虾体表的扫描电镜观察发现：在某些对虾体表，污着群落具有明显的分层现象。对虾体表的不同污着程度与其体表污着群落的不同发育阶段有关。据此，认为对虾体表微型生物污着症可能是一种慢性的疾病综合症。     

对虾病毒性疾病研究最新进展

本文从病因病理，人工感染，检测与分子生物学，组织培养，疾病控制等方面介绍了对虾病毒性疾病研究最新进展。     

Supplement and Consumption of Dissolved Oxygen and Their Seasonal Variations in Shrimp Pond

On the basis of the research of DO budget or kinetics in shrimp pond, the main influence process of DO and its seasonal variations are quantitatively described through redividing the budget process and modifying the quantitative method of the process. The percentages of oxygen demand of various processes in the total oxygen demand are different in shrimp cultivation seasons. It is showed that the dissolved oxygen demand of mini-organisms is the major affected factor of DO in this environment and approximately accounts for 64.1～74.1% of the total oxygen demand. In the early period of shrimp culture, the dissolved oxygen demand of allotrophic bacteria degrading organic matters is much lower than that of phytoplankton respiration. But in the midterrn and later period, it is about 50% of the total oxygen demand because of the higher water temperature and more serious self-pollution. The dissolved oxygen demand of sediment is lower and just 19.1～28.8%, while the percentage of shrimp oxygen demand is lower. The effect of phytoplankton on DO in shrimp culturing water has dualism. One is the oxygen producing process of photosynthesis and the other is the oxygen consumption process of respiration. It is estimated that the dissolved oxygen demand of phytoplankton respiration is approximately one-fifth of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis under normal illumination conditions. The dissolved oxygen demand of al lotrophic bacteria degrading organic matters and the total oxygen demand of sediment increase 4 times and 1.7 times respectively from the early period to the midterm and later period.Obviously, the DO of culturing water can be also greatly improved by controlling the selfpollution of organic matters during shrimp culture.     

对虾综合养殖生态系有机碳的平衡

采用围隔实验生态学方法研究了对虾综合养殖生态系有机碳的平衡,结果表明:(1)研究期间各实验围隔有机碳的总收入量为4847.46～6154.67 g,平均为(5646.94±551.09)g.有机碳总收入量与浮游植物生产量、附生藻类生产量及颗粒饲料(含饵料鱼)等各组分碳收入量的比例平均为1:0.73:0.11:0.16.(2)研究期问各实验围隔有机碳的总支出量为3310.28～3974.79g,平均为(3644.21±281.44)g.有机碳总支出量与浮游生物群落呼吸量、附生生物群落呼吸量、底栖群落呼吸量、养殖生物生产量、养殖生物呼吸量等各组分碳支出量的比例平均为1:0.53:0.19:0.15:0.04:0.09.(3)各实验围隔有机碳积累量为1383.45～2707.31 g,平均为(2002.73±546.76)g,占收入量的(35±7)%(26%～44%).不同养殖模式实验围隔依积累量大小顺序为:Y5(对虾-扇贝)、Y7(对虾-罗非鱼)、Y4(单养对虾)、T5(对虾-罗非鱼-缢蛏)、Y6(对虾-缢蛏).(4)围隔收入的有机碳对对虾的转化率为(1.77±0.62)%(0.76%～2.28%),转化率大小顺序为Y6,T5,Y4,Y5,Y7,收入的有机碳对全部养殖动物的转化率为(2.18±0.79)%(1.07%～3.12%),转化率大小顺序为T5,Y6,Y5,Y4,Y7.