对虾发光病的病因学与病理学特征

对虾人工养殖中流行发光病，病因学研究证明为一种致病性亮弧菌ＩＶｉｂｒｉｏｓｐｌｅｎｄｉｄｕｓＩ所致。细菌杆状，稍弯，大小为０．４－０．６×１．５μｍ，单极鞭毛运动，革兰氏染色阴性（Ｇ－），对葡萄糖发酵产酸，氧化酶、接触酶、精氨酸双水解酶、淀粉酶均为阳性，对弧菌抑制剂０／１２９敏感，在弧菌选择性培养基（ＴＣＢＳ）上生长良好。ＤＮＡ的Ｇ＋Ｃ为４４．７ｍｏｌ·Ｌ（－１）（ｔｍ值为７２．２℃）。虾体被感染后，组织细胞变性、坏死，血窦与组织间隙充塞细菌，血液淋巴细胞的吞噬和凝固等机能改变，体色灰白，游动缓慢，抗病力下降，衰竭而死。     

Distribution patterns of benthic juvenile gobies in and around seagrass habitats: effectiveness of seagrass shelter against predators

The significance of a sheltering effect of seagrass against predators influencing the distribution patterns of benthic juveniles of the streaked goby Acentrogobius sp. was investigated by field experimentation in and around seagrass habitats at Moroiso and Aburatsubo Bays, Miura Peninsula, Japan. In the former bay, juveniles were always restricted to the seagrass bed, whereas at the latter, they also occurred over the surrounding bare sand substrate. Juveniles never occurred inside predator-exclusion cages over unvegetated sand in Moroiso Bay. Additionally, a tethering experiment resulted in similarly small numbers of juveniles being preyed upon in both the seagrass bed and over bare sand, suggesting that the predation risk for juveniles may not differ between the habitat types and was thus not responsible for their distribution patterns. The availability of symbiotic shrimp burrows, which were scarce in bare sand in Moroiso Bay but abundant in a similar area in Aburatsubo Bay, was also hypothesized as a determinant of distribution pattern. In a manipulative experiment at Aburatsubo Bay, however, juveniles showed no response to alterations in the availability of symbiotic shrimp burrows, indicating that neither the sheltering effect of seagrass against predators nor the availability of symbiotic shrimp burrows was a significant factor in streaked goby juvenile distribution. Food availability may be a determinant, because food abundance patterns were concordant with the juvenile distribution pattern.     

饵料种类和摄食水平对中国对虾蜕皮的影响

采用鱼肉、虾肉、蛤肉、沙蚕、配合饲料和以上 5种饵料的等干重混合物投喂体重为 ( 1.5 3 0± 0 .0 47) g的中国对虾 3 0d ,并对体重分别为 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 )g ,( 7.960± 0 .45 0 ) g ,( 14 .177± 0 .868) g ,( 19.0 12± 1.413 )g 4个规格的中国对虾采用配合饲料分别按每天体重 0 % ,0 .5 % ,1.0 % ,1.5 %和过量 5个摄食水平进行投喂 2 8d ,对中国对虾的蜕皮进行了研究。实验结果证明 ,饵料种类对中国对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)、蜕皮量、蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响。实验期间中国对虾的蜕皮次数范围为 2 .3 1～ 3 .98次 ,蜕皮能占摄食能的比例为 1.16%～ 2 .72 % ,每次蜕皮的体重增长为 0 .14 1～ 0 .488g。不同摄食水平对中国对虾的蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响 ,前者随摄食水平的提高而下降 ,后者随摄食水平的提高而增加。摄食水平对 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 ) g的对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)和蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响较大 ,而对其余 3个规格的对虾影响较小。摄食水平对对虾每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量及单位体重每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响仅表现为饥饿或较低摄食水平与其它摄食水平差异显著 ,而更高的摄食水平对它们没有显著影响。     

对虾清洁养殖模式的初步研究

对虾养殖是我国海水养殖的主导产业,20世纪90年代初全国对虾养殖面积达16×104hm2,最高年产量超过22×104t,约占全球对虾养殖总产量的30%.但是,1993年以来全国范围内的大规模暴发性对虾流行病给我国的对虾养殖业造成了严重影响,由此造成的直接和间接经济损失据估计已达上百亿元.如何尽快摆脱疾病的困扰,使我国的养虾业走上稳定、健康、持续发展的路子,已成为广泛关注的问题.