豪华邮轮耐波性及救生艇砰击载荷特性研究

利用基于三维势流理论的Wasim软件,系统研究了在不同海况下大型豪华邮轮的耐波性能及作用在救生艇上的砰击载荷。首先计算豪华邮轮在规则波和不规则波中的运动响应,分析航速、浪向和海况对豪华邮轮运动响应的影响规律,然后计算救生艇在不同海况下砰击载荷的变化规律,根据变化规律评估救生艇在实际航行中的安全性。结果表明：豪华邮轮运动响应幅值随着航速和海况的增大整体呈增大趋势,规则波中横摇运动响应幅值在浪向90°时最大;当豪华邮轮处于4级和6级海况时救生艇不发生砰击;当豪华邮轮处于8级海况且航速大于10.29 m/s时救生艇发生砰击,为保证救生艇的安全,邮轮应避免在浪向120°和浪向150°下航行,此时建议邮轮以低于12.35 m/s的航速迎浪180°航行。     

极端循环载荷下船体裂纹箱型梁的极限强度

旨在了解箱型梁在极端循环载荷下的极限强度特性。利用非线性有限元方法来研究裂纹箱型梁的极限弯矩,分析了5种裂纹模型,探讨了裂纹类型、裂纹位置和裂纹长度的影响。考虑了两种载荷形式应用生死单元法对双向循环弯曲下裂纹扩展进行了模拟;并将由循环载荷引起的累积塑性损伤和疲劳裂纹损伤均考虑在内。无论单向循环还是双向循环,单裂纹模型的极限弯矩均小于双裂纹模型的极限弯矩;单边裂纹是最危险的裂纹类型。进一步分析了极端循环载荷下裂纹箱型梁的极限强度折减机理,得出了极限强度折减归因于这两种损伤的耦合作用的结论,并通过其他箱型梁验证了其适用性。     

屈曲利用因子约束下船体板架结构优化设计方法

船体板架结构在屈曲约束下的优化问题具有变量多和约束多的特点,且屈曲计算需借助有限元分析,属于大规模耗时优化问题,运用常规优化方法求解需要较高的计算成本。这里提出一种适用于屈曲约束下船体板架快速优化方法,该方法利用板格屈曲利用因子具有局部性的特点,对板格厚度自变量空间进行降维处理;利用板格屈曲利用因子对板格厚度具有单调性的特点,采用牛顿迭代方法求解其达到目标值的板格厚度;同时比较板格在相同重量增量下,加筋叠加板厚与仅加板厚对屈曲利用因子改善程度的大小决定是否加筋;通过两阶段的迭代寻优,快速获得最优的板厚以及防屈曲筋布置方案。某油船双层底优化结果显示,该方法能够在30步之内完成优化计算,优化效率高;优化方案相比原始方案减重达17.63%,绝大部分板格屈曲利用因子取值在0.9～1.0之间,材料得到充分利用。     

顾及观测质量的多系统融合PPP三维凸包选星算法

从卫星空间构型出发,构建多系统融合PPP的三维凸包选星算法;为进一步改善多系统融合PPP的定位性能,提出顾及观测质量的三维凸包选星思路;最后结合实测数据验证并分析各自的选星效果和定位性能。     

Experimental investigation of free-running ship manoeuvers under extreme shallow water conditions

We present an experimental investigation of a free-running manoeuvring inland waterway ship at extreme shallow water conditions. Physical tests of zig-zag manoeuvres at two different water depths were performed in model scale and investigated with regards to the effects of limited under-keel clearance. Experimental data comprise results from repeatability studies and may serve for validation of manoeuvring simulations.     

Towards the modeling of the ditching of a ground-effect wing ship within the framework of the SPH method

Ditching often takes place for a ground-effect wing (WIG) ship. During the ditching, the extreme load developed by water impacts may cause damages to structures, posing a great threat to the safety of crew and passengers. In the paper, a weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model combined with enhanced numerical techniques has been adopted to tackle the ditching problems. In order to handle the motion of a rigid body in the three-dimensional ditching problems, the six degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) equations of motion are incorporated into the SPH scheme. The accuracy of the SPH model is validated through two benchmarks, respectively, the two-dimensional wedge water entry and the three-dimensional stone-skipping. The former is aimed to validate the prediction of pressures during the free surface impact while the latter is a good case for testing the coupling motions of the rigid body. Furthermore, the ditching of the real scale WIG ship under different conditions is simulated with the established SPH model, through which some useful conclusions are drawn.     

基于遥感和机器学习的内陆水体水深反演技术

文章主要根据机器学习算法（随机森林算法和极端梯度提升算法）和遥感水深反演的原理,利用Sentinel_2多光谱卫星数据和无人船实测水深数据,对内陆水体——梅州水库建立了随机森林（RF）、极端梯度提升（XGBoost）和支持向量机（SVM）水深反演模型,并对反演结果进行对比分析。结果表明：1）RF的训练精度为97%,测试精度为0.80;XGBoost模型的训练精度为97%,测试精度为0.79;SVM的训练精度为90%,测试精度为0.78。说明了在水深预测方面RF模型和XGBoost模型比SVM模型表现更好,对各个区段的水深值较为敏感。2）根据运行时间考察各个模型的效率,其中RF模型从读取数据至输出结果耗时3.92 s;XGBoost模型4.26 s;SVM模型6.66 s。因此,在反演精度和效率上RF模型优于XGBoost模型优于SVM模型,且RF模型的预测结果图细节更加丰富,轮廓更加分明;XGBoost模型次之,但总体效果也较好;SVM模型表现最差。由此可知,机器学习水深反演模型获得的水深结果精度明显提高,解决了传统水深反演模型精度不高的问题。     

论渔业法之对影响渔业船舶适航行为的法律责任

渔船管理是渔业产业管理的重要内容,而船舶适航性是渔船正常运行的重要保证。我国现阶段渔业产业中出现的船舶事故频发,其中很多是不适航导致的。文章从我国渔业监管现状出发,结合《渔业法》及其相关法律对影响船舶适航行为法律责任的相关规定,分析违法行为构成要件,发现依然存在处罚手段单一、处罚力度不够等问题,针对存在的原因,从完善对相关违法行为的认定,加强行政监管,丰富处罚方式,提高行政处罚标准等措施出发提出完善建议,从而减少渔业安全事故,推动我国渔业健康发展。     

A Semi-Analytical Method for the PDFs of A Ship Rolling in Random Oblique Waves

The PDFs (probability density functions) and probability of a ship rolling under the random parametric and forced excitations were studied by a semi-analytical method. The rolling motion equation of the ship in random oblique waves was established. The righting arm obtained by the numerical simulation was approximately fitted by an analytical function. The irregular waves were decomposed into two Gauss stationary random processes, and the CARMA (2, 1) model was used to fit the spectral density function of parametric and forced excitations. The stochastic energy envelope averaging method was used to solve the PDFs and the probability. The validity of the semi-analytical method was verified by the Monte Carlo method. The C11 ship was taken as an example, and the influences of the system parameters on the PDFs and probability were analyzed. The results show that the probability of ship rolling is affected by the characteristic wave height, wave length, and the heading angle. In order to provide proper advice for the ship''s manoeuvring, the parametric excitations should be considered appropriately when the ship navigates in the oblique seas.     

基于AIS的船舶会遇局面紧迫度量化分析

近年来船舶大型化、高速化的发展以及数量的不断递增,导致船舶碰撞概率大大增加。为更好地保障船舶航行安全,提出船舶会遇局面紧迫度这一概念。该概念表征船舶在当前航行状态下由于一定范围内所有其他船舶的存在而处于的会遇局面的紧迫程度,其旨在帮助船舶驾驶员实时感知并掌握船舶在海上航行时所处会遇局面的状况,从而据此加以判断并及时采取措施规避碰撞风险。建立了船舶会遇局面紧迫度的计算模型,该模型以考虑到本船速度的动态圆形领域为空间约束条件,综合考虑其他船舶相对于本船的方位分布和距离这两个指标的影响,基于信息量量化紧迫度。利用2016年1月1日天津港AIS数据进行紧迫度的计算与分析,计算结果与实际相符,该计算模型能够准确反映船舶在航行过程中所处会遇局面的紧迫程度。利用双线性内插法建立天津港区域紧迫度二维彩色平面分布图,其表达效果优于传统热度图。