Testing links between river patterns and in-channel characteristics using MRPP and ANOVA

This study tests the assumption that the characteristics of channels within multiple channel rivers are different from those of single channel rivers. Some river restoration approaches propose radical transformation of river patterns, from multiple to single channels, based on the link between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics. Determining the links between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics is complicated by differences in geology, history, climate and discharge among rivers. Furthermore, multiple channel rivers are composed of a mosaic of channel types with a range of in-channel characteristics. This study minimizes these problems by analysing a single river containing neighbouring single and multiple channel patterns with little change in discharge downstream, and by analysing all channel types. The study addressed two objectives: to determine the hydraulic geometry, energy, and sediment mobility characteristics of neighbouring single and multiple channel river patterns, and to test for statistical differences in these characteristics between patterns. The Renous River shows a wandering pattern for 11.5 km, with multiple channels around semipermanent islands and abandoned channels in the flood plain. The river displays a single channel river pattern where channels are confined by their valley walls, upstream and downstream of wandering. The analysis was conducted at three scales. First, the confined single channel and wandering multiple channel patterns were compared (pattern scale). Second, the confined channel pattern was compared to single and multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern (section scale). Third, all channel types were compared (channel type scale). Multi response permutation procedure (MRPP) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze differences between channels. Difference tests found no simple discrimination between the single and multiple channel river patterns of the Renous River. Tests between the single confined and multiple wandering channel patterns found few differences in the in-channel variables. The tests did find differences between multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern and confined single channels; however, a greater number of differences were found between multiple channel and single channel sections within the wandering pattern, highlighting the variability within the wandering pattern. Two groups emerged when all channel types were tested for differences: perennial main-channels containing the thalweg, and ephemeral side-channels. Therefore, side-channels define the in-channel characteristics of wandering rivers because few differences were found among main-channels in either pattern. This analysis suggests that all channel types, not just main-channels, should be investigated to obtain a complete picture of a river pattern prior to any restoration efforts. Engineers must exercise caution when applying the link between river patterns and in-channel characteristics to river restoration efforts.     

古海蚀与相似地形的区别：形态与成因——以广东黄圃海蚀遗迹为例

对比黄圃镇海蚀遗迹与其它非海蚀成因相似地形,得出其形态特征差异:海蚀槽穴同时切过软硬相间的岩石,仅出现在某一水平面;片流和风化作用形成的凹槽与结构面或岩层完全平行而且连续延伸,出现在整个山坡面上,凹槽前无平台;河流侧蚀作用在同一水平面上,不能同时形成凹槽和平台;河流溶蚀作用也是水平的,在石灰岩河岸侧壁形成凹槽,槽上有突出屋檐,无平台;波浪作用不强的石灰岩海岸也可形成凹槽和突出屋檐,但无海蚀平台;只有波浪作用才能同时形成(海蚀)平台和(海蚀)凹穴.     

城镇黑臭河道治理:多水塘活水链人工湿地的应用

随着现代工业的发展,城市黑臭河道问题日趋严重,严重影响了城市形象、生态环境和居民身心健康。利用多水塘活水链人工湿地技术净化江苏常州永胜河河水水质。监测结果显示:该技术使水体总氮浓度削减了92.0%、总磷浓度削减了82.9%,处理后的水体总氮、总磷含量达到地表IV类水标准。项目年处理水量约30万t,每年以较低的成本(平均水处理费用约为0.03元/t),削减总氮、总磷和氨氮量分别为1496.6 kg、176.0 kg和1408.6 kg。通过引植多种浮叶植物、挺水植物、沉水植物,该湿地修复工程为当地营造了优美的湿地景观。多水塘活水链人工湿地是集经济效益、生态效益、环境效益于一体的新型水体生态治理技术,为我国城镇黑臭河道治理提供了一条新的途径。     

STUDIES ON TERRACES AND RIVER SYSTEM CHANGES OF THE UPPER YELLOW RIVER

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Groundwater and surface water interactions in an alluvial plain, Tuul River Basin, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Drinking water supplies in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, are completely dependent on groundwater sourced from pumping wells located in an alluvial plain of the Tuul River which flows through Ulaanbaatar. The interaction between groundwater in the alluvial plain and river surface water was investigated using a hydrological and multi-tracers approach. The observed groundwater contour map clearly shows that the Tuul River recharges the floodplain groundwater and groundwater flows from east to west. The similarity of chemical and stable isotopic compositions suggests that groundwater is mainly recharged by Tuul River water in the vicinity of the river. In addition, considering groundwater contours and chemical composition, groundwater in the northern and southern mountain sides contribute to floodplain groundwater. Stable isotopic information suggests that winter season precipitation also contributes to the groundwater, because groundwater in a specific region has a considerably lower isotopic ratio. Using the End Member Mixing Analysis applying oxygen-18, SiO₂ and HCO₃ ^- as tracers, the contribution ratios of the Tuul River, groundwater in the northern and southern mountain regions, and winter season precipitation to floodplain groundwater are estimated to be 58% to 85%, 1% to 54%, 0% to 16%, and 0% to 12%, respectively.     

Damming of large river by debris flow: Dynamic process and particle composition

The frequency and extent of debris flows have increased tremendously due to the extreme weather and the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Previous studies focused on the debris flow from gullies damming the mountain streams. In this paper, an equation for the run-out distance of debris flow in the main river is proposed based on the dynamic equation of debris flow at different slopes given by Takahashi. By undertaking field investigations and flume experiments, a new calculation method of the volume of debris flow damming large river is obtained. Using the percolation theory and the renormalization group theory it was deduced that the large particles should comprise more than 50% for forming a stable debris flow dam. Hence, the criteria of damming large river by debris flow is presented in terms of run-out distance and grain composition which was then validated through the event of damming river by debris flow at Gaojia gully, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, Sichuan, China, on July 3, 2011.     

一种实用的河流理想均衡剖面线算法与应用

以河流理想均衡剖面线为研究对象,深入探讨了地表水流对河床的塑造作用规律和河流均衡剖面线的形成机理,推导出均衡剖面线理论计算公式,并以黄河为例,结合我国自西向东三级地形结构,计算了三条均衡剖面线,L1为黄河全长均衡剖面线,L2和L3分别以托克托和松多为局部基准面计算的局部均衡剖面线,为黄河河床的演变规律研究和演化过程的计算机模拟提供了数学依据,同时对河流发育研究及侵蚀、搬运能力的探讨均有一定的理论意义。     

应用河流阶地10Be深度剖面计算千年至十万年尺度流域平均古侵蚀速率

古侵蚀速率的时空变化规律是研究构造-气候-地表侵蚀之间耦合关系的重要线索。已有的研究多侧重于百万年(10⁶)或百年(10²)尺度上的侵蚀速率限定, 但对千年至十万年(10³~10⁵)尺度上的侵蚀速率限定较少。河流阶地的发育能够延续千年至十万年, 其沉积记录保留了大量流域侵蚀信号, 为建立该时间尺度上的流域古侵蚀速率记录提供了理想的数据支撑。本研究介绍了一种千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率计算方法。基于河流阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面, 约束阶地表面沉积物的¹⁰Be继承浓度和阶地面废弃年龄, 进而计算出多期阶地发育期间的流域平均古侵蚀速率。随后, 以青藏高原东北缘北祁连西段为例, 基于山前6条河流(自西向东分别为石油河、白杨河、北大河、洪水坝河、丰乐河和马营河)已发表的16个阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面数据(共81个¹⁰Be样品)和7个现代河道沉积物的¹⁰Be浓度数据, 建立了北祁连西段约200 ka以来的流域平均侵蚀速率记录(共23个侵蚀速率值)。结果表明, 北祁连西段千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率变化趋势与气候波动曲线之间存在较强的对应性, 揭示了气候变化是引起流域地表侵蚀的关键因素。上述实例证明, 应用河流阶地¹⁰Be深度剖面可有效地计算千年至十万年尺度上的流域平均古侵蚀速率, 并有助于深入剖析构造、气候和地表侵蚀过程三者之间的潜在关系, 进而推动活动造山带地区定量地貌学研究的发展。

     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分布特征

通过对兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分析发现,兰州市河道表层沉积物41种地球化学元素富集因子多小于1,Cl、S、P、Bi、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sn、U、W、Zn富集因子值均大于2,显示了较高的污染水平。对单个采样点总富集因子的分析研究发现,R值均大于2,显示出较多的富集。其中水磨沟下游和鱼儿沟下游富集因子出现高值,显示出严重污染。元素来源研究结果显示,兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素的来源可分为3类:①生活污水排放以及雨水对地面或街道的冲刷作用;②工业污染,包括冶金、电镀、农药和化肥等污水的排放;③本地土壤类型灰钙土中元素的贡献。通过粒度与元素相关性分析可知,元素P、Cl主要分布于细颗粒物质中,反映了兰州市河道表层沉积物污染物质在细颗粒中有较大量的富集。     

黄河中游水系河流阶地序列与数值年代

根据黄河中游水系河流阶地的年代资料,通过对比各种测年结果,获得一个具有较准确数值年代的黄河中游的阶地序列。黄河中游水系河流阶地可分为黄河干流阶地(即兰州段、晋陕峡谷段、禹门口至河南孟津段黄河阶地)、黄河一级支流阶地(渭河和汾河阶地)、黄河二级河流阶地(泾河和洛河阶地)。建立一个准确的阶地序列和数值年代框架,需要多种测年技术的相互印证以及加强河流上下游阶地对比研究。总体来讲,兰州段黄河阶地的年代可靠度比较高,而晋陕峡谷段的河流阶地年代仍有很多争议;渭河的下游阶地年代相对较可靠,但渭河上游、汾河、泾河、洛河的阶地年代研究还需要加强。