麻痹性贝毒研究进展

根据８０－９０年代中际上对麻痹性贝毒研究的最新进展,就研究中的几个热点问题进行综合评述,包括：麻痹性贝毒产毒藻的识别;毒素产生机制;毒素监测和分析方法;麻痹性贝毒对海洋生物的影响;麻痹怀贝毒对水产养殖业的影响及对策等。概括了麻痹性贝毒研究的现状和研究中的亟待解决的问题。中国在麻痹性贝毒毒素研究领域只进行了一些初步的工作,本文结合中中国的研究现状,提出以后在此领域内的重点研究方向。     

我国海水养殖生态效率影响因素分析

近年来,如何实现海水养殖经济与生态的协调发展逐渐引起学界的关注。前人研究海水养殖生态效率时,较多关注对环境非期望产出的衡量,较少考虑海水养殖的环境正外部效应。以海水养殖碳汇量作为衡量海水养殖环境正外部效应的期望产出,以海水养殖氮、磷污染产出量作为非期望产出,运用包含非期望产出的SBM模型对2008~2017年我国海水养殖生态效率进行测度,在此基础上运用Tobit回归模型,通过构建海水养殖专业化程度、规模化程度和集约化程度三个变量衡量海水养殖生态效率的内部影响因素,并综合考虑科技、经济、管理、外贸等外部影响因素,考察海水养殖生态效率的影响因素。研究表明: (1)考察期内我国海水养殖生态效率呈现出波动上升的趋势,但总体尚未达到最优状态; (2)不同海域海水养殖生态效率均值存在显著的阶梯式区域失衡; (3)海水养殖规模化程度与科技管理水平对海水养殖生态效率具有正向影响,海水养殖专业化程度、集约化程度、培训强度、经济发展水平和外贸依存度对海水养殖生态效率具有负向影响,海水养殖环境规制对海水养殖生态效率的影响不显著。在此基础上,从转变发展方式、加强科技研发与推广投入、加强海水养殖进出口与环境管理等方面提出了改善我国海水养殖生态效率的对策建议。     

厦门岛东部和闽江口沿岸经济贝类中持久性有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留水平

1995－1996年间，在厦门岛东部和闽江口沿岸养殖区的7个站点采集了贝类样品，样品先去壳匀浆，再经冷冻干燥，萃取浓缩和净化分离后，用GC法分析测定其六六六（HCHs)，滴滴涕（DDTs)和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量，厦门岛东部HCHs，DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为0．18－345，75．2－2143，ND－234ng/g干重；闽江口分别为ND－5．07，21．5－2396，ND－6．78ng/g干重，结果表明，贝类样品的有机氯污染物含量因不同采样地点，不同生物种类及不同采样时间而异，但总体上高于沉积物，牡蛎对DDT的富集尤为显著，本文除了对调研区经济贝类的HCHs,DDTs和PCBs含量与组成分布进行分析评价，还就海区有机氯污染生物监测的可行性，经济贝类的食用卫生水平等问题作了探讨。     

大型海藻对富营养化海水养殖区生物修复的研究与展望

当前 ,中国的多数海水养殖区富营养化相当严重。富营养化可引发赤潮和养殖动物病害 ,给养殖业带来巨大损失。海带、龙须菜、条斑紫菜等大型海藻 ,生产力很高 ,在生长过程中可大量吸收 C,N,P等生源要素 ,在水生态系统碳循环和减缓富营养化方面有很重要的作用。此外 ,海藻产品可食用、作为饲料、工业原料和有机肥料 ,是具有较高价值的商品。大规模栽培大型海藻是减轻养殖区富营养化的有效途径之一。     

广东沿海麻痹性贝类毒素的研究

于１９９０－１９９２年间在广东沿海采集２４种贝类，用麻痹性贝类毒素小白鼠生物测定法对所采样品进行毒素分析研究。结果表明，所检测的大部分生物体均不同程度的积累了麻痹性毒素；大亚湾和大鹏湾２种贝体存在着１２或１３种麻痹性毒素的成分；贝体中麻痹性毒素存在着一定的季节差异。还对贝体中的毒素和有毒藻类的出现进行了简单的讨论。     

海水养殖对近岸海域环境影响的研究进展

本文综述了近几年国内外关于海水养殖对环境的影响及其相应的防治对策的研究进展,并提出加强管理是实现海水养殖业的可持续发展的关键。海水养殖对海域环境的影响主要包括:污染物的排放、养殖水体富营养化、野生鱼类资源的破坏、自然种群的基因污染以及对重要栖息地的破坏等。随着研究的深入,人们已经提出和采取了多种多样的防治措施,但解决问题的关键不是限制养殖业的发展,而是优化养殖业的管理。     

海水养殖业资源与环境的可持续发展

概述了我国海水养殖业在快速发展过程中由于出现养殖产业规划滞后和养殖生态环境恶化而带来的若干问题。简要介绍"浙江省重点养殖海湾养殖生态和养殖容量研究"的立项背景和研究目的,鱼类、贝类和大型藻类的养殖容量研究方法以及相关的主要研究成果,展示了近海养殖生态和养殖容量的研究思路,为相关研究的进一步展开提供了一个范例。海水养殖的长远发展必须走可持续发展之路,良好的沿岸生态环境、资源与环境的和谐是支撑海水养殖业健康、持续发展的前提。总结了我国海水养殖业管理取得的进步并指出尚存在的问题。针对海水养殖业保持可持续发展的基本途径,提出了海水养殖业的规划管理和海水养殖技术改进等方面的科学建议。     

Microbial modulation in the biomass and toxin production of a red-tide causing alga

The effect of S₁₀, a strain of marine bacteria isolated from sediment in the Western Xiamen Sea, on the growth and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) production in the alga Alexandrium tamarense (A. tamarense) was studied under controlled experimental conditions. The results of these experiments have shown that the growth of A. tamarense is obviously inhibited by S₁₀ at high concentrations, however no evident effect on its growth was observed at low concentrations. Its PSP production was also inhibited by S₁₀ at different concentrations, especially at low concentrations. The toxicity of this strain of A. tamarense is about (0.95–12.14) × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell, a peak toxicity value of 12.14 × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell appeared on the 14th day, after which levels decreased gradually. The alga grew well in conditions of pH 6–8 and salinities of 20–34‰. The toxicity of the alga varied markedly at different pH and salinity levels. Toxicity decreased as pH increased, while it increased with salinity and reached a peak value at a salinity of 30‰, after which it declined gradually. S₁₀ at a concentration of 1.02 × 10⁹ cells/ml inhibited growth and the PSP production of A. tamarense at different pH and salinity levels. S₁₀ had the strongest inhibitory function on the growth of A. tamarense under conditions of pH 7 and a salinity of 34‰. The best inhibitory effect on PSP production by A. tamarense was at pH 7, this inhibitory effect on PSP production did not relate to salinity. Interactions between marine bacteria and A. tamarense were also investigated using the flow cytometer technique (FCM) as well as direct microscope counting. S₁₀ was identified as being a member of the genus Bacillus, the difference in 16S rDNA between S₁₀ and Bacillus halmapalus was only 2%. The mechanism involved in the inhibition of growth and PSP production of A. tamarense by this strain of marine bacteria, and the prospect of using it and other marine bacteria in the bio-control of red-tides was discussed.     

Fate of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in purple clam Hiatula rostrata,in outdoor culture and laboratory culture

Purple clams (Hiatula rostrata Lighttoot) accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by a toxic strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandriun minutum Halim. The results confirm the data of our previous study concerning the muscle and siphon that were not showing a gradual rise in toxicity when shellfish accumulated more A. minutum. However, muscle and siphon are intermittently toxic both in exposure and depuration period in laboratory cultured purple clams. PSP toxins were detected in outdoor cultured purple clams, whereas no A. minutum were found in the culture pond during most of the survey time. The outdoor cultured purple clams need longer time to decrease toxicity to allowable levels than laboratory cultured purple clams. It was shown that laboratory data may not predict times over which pond-cultured purple clams may prove toxic to consumers.     

我国海洋鱼类和贝类染色体组型研究进展

综述迄今为止已报道的我国 38种海洋鱼类和 2 2种海洋贝类的染色体组型 ,以及其中 6种鱼和 1种贝的 C-带、Ag- NOR带等细胞遗传学研究的结果 ,并对这项研究工作存在的问题进行了探讨并对未来作了展望。