青岛海域小眼绿鳍鱼耳石形态的初步研究

利用2002年6～12月期间采自青岛海域商业渔获的286尾小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys spinosus)标本,以耳石长、耳石宽、周长、面积、矩形趋近率、充实度为基本形态学参数,结合其中傅里叶变换获得的形态特征变量,研究了小眼绿鳍鱼幼鱼生长过程耳石形态的逐月变化特征.结果显示,小眼绿鳍鱼耳石为不规则卵圆形或近四边形,背部弧状隆起,腹部相对略平,前部有一明显缺刻,后部常呈锯齿状尖突.小眼绿鳍鱼耳石长、耳石重、耳石面积皆与体长呈显著相关,耳石长宽比与体长不呈显著相关.随着小眼绿鳍鱼生长,该鱼耳石形态特征随月份变化差异显著;经多因子方差分析和判别分析表明,研究期间小眼绿鳍鱼耳石形态可分为3个特征区间:6月份与其他月份间形态差异显著;7～9月耳石形态特征处于变化间状态;10～12月各方面形态特征趋于稳定.     

Effects of parasitism and environment on shell size of the South American intertidal mud snail Heleobia australis (Gastropoda)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of parasitism and certain environmental factors on the shell size of Heleobia australis (Hydrobiidae, Cochliopinae). We report sporocysts and metacercariae of Microphallus simillimus (Microphallidae, Trematoda) parasitizing the gonad and digestive gland of H. australis specimens from two sites of Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher (34.17% in winter and 68.14% in late spring) in snails from the outer estuary at Site 2 than in those from the inner estuary at Site 1 (5.88% and 4.71% respectively). The only known definitive host for this digenean is the white-backed stilt Himantopus melanurus (Recurvirostridae, Aves), most abundant in the estuary during winter. Parasitism by M. simillimus causes variations in the shell dimensions of H. australis, the shells of infected snails being narrower than those of uninfected snails. Snails from Site 2 were found in general to be significantly smaller than those at Site 1, possibly as a result of differences in environmental factors such as the degree of exposure to wave energy, the allocation of energy to reproduction rather than growth (induced by predation and/or parasitic castrators) and anthropogenic stressors.     

基于多旋翼无人机倾斜摄影测量的沙丘三维形态研究

无人机倾斜摄影技术是近年来发展起来的新型测量方法,具有高效率、高精度、非接触、大范围等优点。本研究采用多旋翼无人机,结合精确测定的地面控制点,实现了对新月形沙丘群三维形态的精确测量。结果表明：无人机倾斜摄影测量的均方根误差小于18 mm,可以满足大比例尺地形测量的要求。利用该技术获取的多种测量参数表明,新月形沙丘二维与三维形态之间存在良好的相关性,基于这些关系,可以实现二维遥感影像量测结果向沙丘高度、沙丘体积等三维参数的转换。沙丘剖面形态可以采用非线性函数精确描述,为沙丘形态精确建模提供了参考。无人机倾斜摄影技术获取的沙丘三维形态参数,对于深入认识沙丘形态动力过程具有重要参考价值。     

谷氨酰胺二肽对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡及肠粘膜形态的影响

采用饲养对比试验方法,研究了谷氨酰胺二肽（Gin二肽）对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡和肠绒毛的影响及对虾体健康的作用。结果表明,饲喂Gin二肽各组的PO、LSZ、ACP含量均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,添加0.5％和1．0％Gin二肽组的SOD和ALP含量也显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组：添加1．0％Gin二肽的TP含量显著（P〈0．05）高于其它各组。血清TP、PA、UN、CHO、PO、LSZ、SOD、ALP、ACP和LDH等各项指标均随Gin二肽添加量的提高而呈现增加趋势。试验建立了流式细胞术检测对虾肝胰腺细胞凋亡率的方法;肝胰腺细胞凋亡率随着日粮Gin二肽添加量的增加而显著降低（P〈0．05）。肠道切片显微观测结果表明,添加1．0％的Gin二肽能显著增加日本对虾肠绒毛高度（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加Gin二肽可显著提高日本对虾血清中的溶菌酶、抗氧化酶及磷酸酶活性,降低肝胰腺细胞凋亡率,增加肠绒毛高度,改善虾体健康状况。     

建筑点群在城市3维形态量化中的应用

利用将建筑实体进行高度抽象,提出了建筑点群,以GIS的空间分析理论为依据,通过实体高度、起伏度、空间聚集度三个指标对城市的3维形态进行量化与分析。选取南京市主城区为实验样区,提取该区域的建筑点群,用三个指标对实验样区内3维形态的空间分布格局和时间发展特点进行定量分析与描述。实验结果证明,这三个指标从不同角度分析了建筑实体在区域内的组合方式,能够在一定程度上反映城市3维形态的基本特征,有助于对城市空间分布格局及城市历史演变过程的研究。     

基于数学形态学的第四系地层遥感影像分割

利用数学形态学的方法对遥感影像的第四系地层进行了影像分割实验。经实验结果得出,利用数学形态学的基本运算组合成的各种算子:高、低帽变换、滤波与阈值截取相结合的增强方法,通过选择合适的结构元素,对图像进行预处理后,就可以用形态学方法对第四系地层进行影像分割。经过处理的遥感影像,能够更有效地提取影像的目标。实验结果表明了本文所提的方法的有效性。最后,对形态学方法的不足之处和将来的研究方向展开了讨论。     

黄河下游游荡段河道平面形态与河热变化趋势预测

黄河下游可道平面形态与河势演变,从２０世纪６０年代起,地貌界就用地图法和航片资料作过不同程度的研究。随着资料的不断积累,该项研究得到逐步的深化。“八五”期间,水利界又对主流线作了深入分析,结果表明：各家所得结论不同,需要作进一步的分析讨论。我们认为：从长远的角度来看,小浪底水库清水下泄期间,黄河下游游荡性可段不对称的河谷形态不会改变;在继承性新构造运动造成的地壳向南掀沉、科氏力和人类活动的综合影响     

基于倾斜摄影技术的戈壁灌丛沙丘形态反演及其对粉尘释放研究的意义

灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m³,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m³。     

The morphology and hydrology of small spring-dominated channels

Small, low order channels located in wet meadows along the Mogollon Rim of northern Arizona that receive the bulk of their flow from spring discharge exhibit a morphology that differs markedly from channels that receive the bulk of their flow from runoff. These small, spring-dominated channels generally have dense vegetation cover, vertical (or near vertical) banks with flat channel beds that are armored with clasts up to 60 mm. Clasts armoring the spring-dominated channels become mobile at 45 to 85% of the bankfull depth. The lack of fine-grained material in the bed of the spring-dominated channels reflects the small drainage size, lack of fine grain input from the spring, and winnowing affect of the consistent discharge. Minor amounts of large woody debris were present in some of the spring-dominated channels, however, unlike previous studies it does not appear to play a role in the spring-dominated channel morphology. Sinuosity values for spring-dominated channels averaged 1.19, while the average sinuosity values for the runoff-dominated channels, 1.08, were significantly lower. Measured width-to-depth ratios averaged 2.4 in the spring-dominated channels, much lower than the average ratio of 11.6 found for the runoff-dominated channels. The standard deviation of width-to-depth ratios was higher for runoff-dominated channels, reflecting a more variable channel profile. A third channel type, here referred to as hybrid channels, receive significant flow from both springs and runoff. These channels have characteristics that fall between spring-dominated and runoff-dominated channels.Elevation, gradient, organic matter content, and sediment grain size distribution of the wet meadows in which the channels are formed do not exhibit significant differences between channel types, suggesting that these factors are not responsible for the observed differences in channel morphologies. The major differences in controls on the channel morphology found between the spring-dominated and runoff-dominated channels are the discharge regime and the sediment input. The hydrology unique to the spring-dominated channels and the lack of fine-grained sediment input combine to create the observed differences.     

江南丘陵区农村居民点地域分异特征及类型划分——以长沙市为例

以长沙市2013年Landsat TM遥感影像图和长沙市的行政区划矢量图为基础,借助于ERDAS、MapGIS、ArcGIS、Fragtats、SPSS软件,运用探索性空间数据分析、景观形状指数模型及聚类分析法,从空间、规模与形态等方面探讨长沙市农村居民点地域分异特征、地域类型及调控路径。研究表明：长沙市农村居民点地域分异特征明显,在空间分布上呈现出由长沙市中部向东西两侧呈阶梯状稀疏化分布;而规模普遍偏小,规模分布自西向东呈现“波浪状”结构;在形态格局上,则表现为布局分散且形态复杂、不规则。通过采用聚类分析方法,将长沙市农村居民点划分为低密度散点型、低密度团簇型、中密度团簇型、高密度团簇型、中密度团块型、中密度条带型、高密度条带型7种,并从人口集聚、产业发展、基础设施与公共服务设施提升等方面提出了各地域类型优化调控的路径。