How long does oyster shell last on an oyster reef?

A reduction in population abundance, brought on by an unprecedented 6 years of low recruitment, has reduced shell input through natural mortality on Delaware Bay oyster beds. Quantitative stock surveys provide an estimate of surficial shell over the same time period, permitting the reconstruction of the time history of shell since 1998 and estimation of the rates of shell addition and loss. Shell loss rates were unexpectedly high. In most cases, half of the shell added to an oyster bed in Delaware Bay in a given year is lost over a subsequent period of 2–10 years. Unexpectedly, the shortest half-lives, typically two to three years, are at intermediate salinities. Half-lives increase upbay into lower salinity and downbay into higher salinity to about 10 years. Minimal shell doubling times were calculated under the assumption of no shell loss, a maximum accretion rate. Minimal doubling times vary from somewhat less than a decade to more than a score of years. Doubling times of decadal scale emphasize that shell has the potential to accumulate rapidly on human time scales. The rarity of definitive documentation of shell accumulation, in terms of reef vertical accretion or lateral expansion, can only be explained if most shell produced yearly does not long remain recognizably intact. Doubling times are not rapid on the scale of oyster generation time, however. Management of essential fish habitat in the estuarine realm must include management of the shell budget and management of commercial shell-producing species must include the provision of animals as carbonate producers for habitat maintenance. Shell, at least in estuarine habitats, may have low preservational potential, even in areas that, when preserved, will appear to be shellbeds. The biases in the fossil record may not be minimized in shell-rich environments of preservation because shelliness does not imply good preservability.     

福建深沪湾晚更新世古牡蛎滩的发育与留存古环境

福建深沪湾晚更新世古牡蛎滩以牡蛎原生、分布面积大 ,年龄主要在25800±2490aB P～15460±420aB P之间为其主要特征 ,在牡蛎生长期间 ,深沪湾地壳抬升速率与水动型海平面上升速率相当 ,深沪湾海水深度稳定 ,海岸环境稳定 ,古牡蛎繁盛生长 ,其后深沪湾地壳抬升成陆 ,古牡蛎滩脱离海水成为牡蛎滩台地 ,距今7000a和距今2000a的两次强古地震 ,使古牡蛎滩快速下沉到潮下带和潮间带海底 ,这是深沪湾晚更新世古牡蛎滩能留存到今天的重要原因。     

Mussel Periostracum from Deep-Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 2. The Pit Borers

Abstract. Mussel periostracum from the Florida Escarpment redox community (3266 m depth) is extensively bored by a variety of microorganisms. Four different types of pit borings were observed and characterized on the basis of SEM images of their resin casts, and/or light and TEM reconstructions: two large, open-pit borers, a "button" borer, and a cone borer. These boring patterns represent distinctive feeding "strategies". The cumulative activities of periostracum borers remove the protective organic layer from the mussel shells, exposing the mineral to cndolith attack.     

A study of transient responses of a submerged spherical shell under shock waves

Based on a procedure which couples the finite element method with the doubly asymptotic approximation, this work addresses the problem of the transient responses of a submerged spherical shell subjected to strong, plane, incident shock waves, in which elastoplastic material behavior is considered. Simulation results indicate that the procedure adopted shows good agreement with related literature, which considered linear elastic behavior of the shell. Also presented herein are the time histories of surface pressure, radial velocity and von Mises stress of the shell. Moreover, deformation diagrams and spreading of the plastic zone of the shell are described as well.     

斑节对虾甲壳病理性白斑形成机制的初步研究

利用电子探针、Ｘ射线能谱、红外光谱和Ｘ射线衍射。初步研究了健康的斑节对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ甲壳和患病对虾甲壳白斑的形貌、无机组成以及所含的钙化矿物。实验结果表明，健康对虾甲壳的内外表面的钙磷原子比分别为１．２—１．４和１．５６—１．６８；在透射光偏光显微镜下，可见到不均匀分布的大小不等的毛发状、树枝状和十字消光放射球纤状雏晶，有些鲕粒中心可包含石英微粒；红外光谱表明，健康对虾甲壳所包含的沉淀矿物主要是胶磷石。患病对虾甲壳表面白斑区的钙磷原子比可达３１．８３—４３．５６，其剖面中间层鲕粒除合少量硫以外，全部都是钙，偏光显微镜和扫描电镜照片清楚地显示泥晶状、放射纤维状、放射花瓣状微晶集合体逐步交代并覆盖胶磷石，红外光谱和Ｘ射线衍射谱都清楚地证实该矿物是方解石。     

山东蓬莱沿海的贝类

本文报导了蓬莱沿海的贝类１１１种,隶属４９科８６属 ,并对它们的生态类型,区和纱分布特点作了初步分析。     

皱纹盘鲍贝壳沉积过程的研究

利用“平珠”生成法,通过对插入皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannaiIno)外套膜外腔中的玻片上沉积物质的分析,探讨皱纹盘鲍贝壳沉积的过程。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察玻片上沉积物质的超微结构,傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析玻片上沉积晶体的晶相,透射电镜(TEM)观察与玻片接触部分的外套膜的超微结构。结果发现:在将玻片插入外套膜外腔后的4~88h内,有机质首先在玻片上规则沉积。插入玻片88h后方解石晶体开始沉积,104h后出现圆形方解石晶体单位。8d后在方解石晶体表面出现文石晶体突起,15d后出现明显的堆垛型文石片层。27d后突然转变为方解石晶体的沉积。由此可见皱纹盘鲍贝壳的沉积具有一定的周期性,即方解石→文石→方解石的转变为1个周期。透射电镜观察外套膜结构表明在不同的插片时间,外套膜的超微结构不一样。插入玻片24h后,高柱状细胞中的内质网上的核糖体消失,高尔基体数量减少。3d后,大颗粒细胞增多,细胞内充满分泌颗粒。7d后,外套膜上皮细胞新分泌的有机质染色较浅。本研究证明了“平珠”生成法能够模拟贝壳的自然沉积,外套膜细胞超微结构的变化与贝壳沉积过程所处不同阶段有关。     

轻质硬壳海堤断面设计初探

从海堤本身角度看，坝体过重与填料松散是影响其稳定性的主要因素，因此轻质硬壳堤坝是一种很好的选择。该结构采用高强度材料作为外壳，以松散材料填充坝体。根据受力特性、构造要求、施工条件及抗滑稳定条件拟解决结构断面设计的一些基本问题，并结合实例通过对比计算分析，说明轻质硬壳海堤比传统海堤具有更高的整体稳定性。     

福建沿岸6000年来的海平面波动

本文通过35个~(14)C测年数据进行评价,建立一条福建省沿岸过去6000年海平面变化曲线,该线表明海平面在现代位置上下呈振荡性变化,最高和最低海平面分别出现距今5000年前和4000年前左右,海平面高度分别为约+2m,-2m。     

Parametric Analysis of A Submerged Cylindrical Shell Subjected to Shock Waves

In this study,an FEM-SBFEM(scaled boundary finite element method)coupling procedure proposed by Fan et al.(2005)is adopted to obtain the dynamic responses of a submerged cylindrical shell subjected to plane step or exponential acoustic shock waves.The coupling procedure can readily be applied to three-dimensional problem,however for clarity,the problems to be presented are limited to two-dimensional domain.In the analyses,the cylindrical shell is modeled by simple beam elements(using FEM),while the effects of the surrounding infinite fluid is modeled by the SBFEM.In it,no free surface and seabed are involved.Compared with Fan and his co-authors' works,the FEM-SBFEM coupling procedure is further verified to be feasible for shock waves by benchmark examples.Furthermore,parametric studies are performed and presented to gain insight into effects of the geometric and material properties of the cylindrical shell on its dynamic responses.