“08.8.11”河北海岸带中γ、β尺度大暴雨分析

2008年8月11日渤海西岸区的抚宁县牛头崖镇(05-06时)、唐海站(12-13时)分别出现小时雨量超100mm的突发性中γ、β尺度大暴雨天气过程.利用秦皇岛和天津CINRAD/SA雷达资料、中尺度天气学物理量诊断、河北MM5预报结果、山海关探空及自动站加密分钟资料同步分析,结合中β尺度回波带与降水峰值对应分析.初步得出:在同一"母体"中尺度回波带背景下,不同时刻中γ、β尺度降水系统互相扰动导致大暴雨发生,前者为普通多单体风暴,距"母体"回波带100km、300km空间剖面呈波动形态传播,与上游重力波激发有关;后者为减弱的母体回波带底部新生强多单体风暴,与海岸弱切变扰动和热力因子有关;尺度界定基于雷达GPS回波质心定位与加密站雨区面积GIS信息校对;探讨了0～1小时海岸带地区致灾暴雨的中小尺度系统可预报性因子,为临近预警时效"后延"的研究,提供一些新的预报依据.     

地形和城市热力环流对北京地区一次β中尺度暴雨的影响

北京特殊的箕簸型地形和超大城市热力环流对北京局地暴雨的落区和强度有重要影响.利用北京地区丰富的地面和高空观测资料,对2006年7月24日的一次局地暴雨过程中温度、湿度、风场的演变和相互配置进行了详细的分析,揭示了一次系统性冷空气与地形和城市热力环流相互作用并激发产生β中尺度雨带中不同降水中心的精细过程.得出如下主要结论:受北京地形影响,此次冷空气以东北-西南路径影响北京城区,在冷空气明显的条件下,强降水容易发生在温度较高的城区,同时降水中心倾向于出现在温度距平等值线密集且靠近冷空气移动路径的方位,即冷暖交汇最剧烈的位置.地形辐合切变在冷空气到来时得到了迅速加强,为京西城区强对流提供了强有力的扰动源,同时近地面辐合切变的向上传播对强降水的持续提供了有利的动力支持.降水过程中的潜热释放造成风场垂直切变的改变,在一定程度上使风暴中心附近的东南风迅速加强,使得降水所需的水汽条件得以维持.     

ANALYSIS OF RAINSTORMS ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR TRACK TROPICAL CYCLONES HAITANG (0505) AND BILLS (0604)

It is generally thought that the influence of comparable track typhoons is approximately similar,but in fact their wind and especially their rainstorm distribution are often very different. Therefore,a contrastive analysis of rainstorms by tropical cyclones (TCs) Haitang (0505) and Bilis (0604),which are of a similar track,is designed to help understand the mechanism of the TC rainstorm and to improve forecasting skills. The daily rainthll of TC itaitang (0505) and Bills (0604) is diagnosed and compared.The result indicates that these two TCs have similar precipitation distribution before landtall but different precipitation characteristics after landthll. Using NCEP/GFS analysis data,the synoptic situation is analyzed; water vapor transportation is discussed regarding the calculated water vapor flux and divergence.The results show that the heavy rainfall in the Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces associated with Haitang (0505) and Bitis (0604) before landlhll results ti'om a peripheral easterly wind,a combination of the tropical cyclone and the terrain. After landthll and moving far inland of the storm,the precipitation of Haitang is caused by water vapor convergence carried by its own circulation; it is much weaker than that in the coastal area. One of the important contributing thctors to heavy rainstorms in southeast Zhejiang is a southeast jet stream,which is maintained over the southeast coast. In contrast,the South China Sea monsoon circulation transports large amounts of water vapor into Bills - when a water-vapor transport belt south of the tropical cyclone significantly strengthens - which strengthens the transport. Then,it causes water vapor flux to converge on the south side of Bilis and diverge on the north side. Precipitation is much stronger on the south side than that on the north side. After Bilis travels far inland,the cold air guided by a north trough travels into the TC and remarkably enhances precipitation. In summary,combining vertical wind shear with water vapor transportation is a good way to predict rainstorms associated with landing tropical cyclones.     

2007年入梅期由横槽与低涡切变引发淮河流域强降水的诊断研究

采用对比分析、诊断和数值计算的方法, 运用NCEP资料、常规观测资料、卫星云图资料和地面降水资料, 对2007年6月19～20日发生在淮河干流及其以北地区一次特殊的降水过程 (入梅期首场强降雨) 进行研究。主要结论包括: (1)该年梅雨期降水和首场降水的特点及原因: 梅雨期雨带位置偏北(位于淮河流域而非长江流域), 并且在115°E的中部地区降雨量最大; 入梅后的降雨首先产生在淮河干流上游的湖北、 河南南部地区, 随后雨区迅速北跳至淮河以北的山东南部地区。分析表明, 在临近35°N和115°E区域, 梅雨锋强烈, 冷暖空气汇集, 加之充沛的水汽输送和高低空急流耦合所激发的上升运动, 共同导致了115°E的中部地区产生强烈降水和汛期的雨带偏北; 19～20日淮河及其以北地区阻塞形势迅速调整, 其后所产生的500 hPa横槽对于首场强降水的维持起到了重要作用。低层涡旋系统沿着锋生带, 在槽前气流的引导下向东北方向移动, 致使雨带北跳。 (2) 首场降雨主要由横槽和切变线及其所引发的涡旋共同产生。高空横槽提供了较为活跃的冷空气, 这种横槽形式在典型的梅雨期尚不多见, 但亦值得关注。锋区和低层水汽叠加较好。上升运动的持续增强, 使得不断有强降水时段出现并最终导致强降水产生。 (3) 该年入梅前后存在比较明显的气象信号变化 (包括夏季风、 副高脊线、 阻塞、 环流形势等), 入梅期实质上是中高纬大气环流由非梅雨期特征向梅雨期特征的调整和过渡期。 (4) 在切变线诱生出低涡的过程中, 动力作用比热力作用的影响更为显著。低涡生成后向东北方向移动, 这一时期虽属梅雨起步阶段, 未完全呈现典型梅雨暴雨的特征, 但中尺度云团、 雨团仍十分活跃。     

山东“7.18”致灾暴雨成因分析

利用实况观测资料、中尺度自动站资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2007年7月18日山东省大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,同时还分析了暴雨致灾原因。结果表明,本次大暴雨是由高空冷涡南部的低槽、底层准东西向切变线、副热带高压西北边缘的暖湿气流以及来自东北南下冷空气共同影响所致。低层前期明显的持续升温为暴雨的产生创造了极好的热力条件,强盛的低空西南暖湿气流输送为此次暴雨提供了充足的水汽,同时山东上空低层高温高湿、能量增大,形成上干冷下暖湿的对流性不稳定层结。沿850 hPa切变线北侧东北气流迂回南下的冷空气与低空西南急流携带的暖湿空气在山东交汇,冷暖空气在对流层低层相互作用,具有明显的暖锋锋生特征,弱冷空气的低层侵入对暖湿空气具有抬升作用,促使对流发展和不稳定能量释放产生暴雨。地面存在中尺度辐合中心或辐合线的生成和发展,是这次大暴雨产生的启动机制,大暴雨的分布与地面辐合线的走向基本一致。降水历时短强度大,特殊的地势地貌是本次暴雨致灾的重要原因。     

2010年7月大气环流和天气分析

2010年7月大气环流主要特征是:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,中高纬地区呈5波型分布,巴尔喀什湖和东亚大槽强度偏强或与常年相当;西北太平洋副热带高压呈东西带状分布,与常年同期相比明显偏强。2010年7月,全国平均降水量为121.2 mm,比常年同期(115.9 mm)偏多5.3 mm。全国平均气温为22.8℃,比常年同期(21.4℃)偏高1.4℃。月内,我国主要天气气候事件有:长江中下游、四川盆地以及西北东南部、黄淮、东北等地的部分地区发生暴雨洪涝;台风康森和灿都登陆我国;吉林、江西、内蒙古等地发生风雹灾害;华南、江南、江汉、黄淮、华北、西北等地出现持续高温天气。     

2009.3.23东京成田机场坠机的气象条件分析与数值模拟

2009年3月23日美国联邦快递公司的一架飞机在东京成田机场坠毁,事故发生的原因与当时的气象条件密切相关。利用美国新一代非静力平衡中尺度数值预报模式(WRF V2.2)对该次过程进行数值模拟,着重分析事故发生前后各种物理量的水平分布和垂直配置,并诊断分析了该时段内位温平流的分布特征。结果表明,强风发生在位温平流梯度区。强冷空气影响下形成的低空水平风的垂直切变、低层强下沉速度引起的侧风切变和地面强风是造成此次事故的主要气象原因。     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC SPIRAL RAINBANDS AROUND THE LANDING OF TYPHOON HAITANG (2005)

By using WRF mesoscale model, this paper carries out a numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the structural characteristics of the asymmetric spiral rain bands around the landing of Typhoon Haitang during the period of July 19 to 20, 2005. The result indicated that the two rainbands associated with the precipitation centre was mainly located northeast of the typhoon centre. The movement and intensity of the southern rainband corresponded well with the 850-hPa positive vorticity band from 0200 to 1800 UTC July 19, 2005. Under the effect of cyclonic circulation, the positive vorticity band at 850 hPa connected with a southern rain band, leading to the intensification of rainfall in the southern centre of the precipitation. The southward rainband gradually moved toward and then merges with the northward one, strengthening the rainfall in the northern centre of the precipitation. Besides, the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the divergence field of vertical shear wind in the high altitude is analyzed. Finally, the relationship is revealed between the development of the vertical component of convective vorticity vector and the rainfall near the two centres of precipitation in the low altitude.     

Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006)

Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated with a pair of sensitivity experiments using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The validated simulation data from Wang et al. [Wang, D., Li, X., Tao, W.-K., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., 2009: Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006): A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. Atmos. Res., 91, 94–104.] are used as the control experiment. The difference between the control and sensitivity experiments is that vertically varying zonal winds in the control experiment are replaced by their mass-weighted means in the sensitivity experiment. The imposed vertical velocity with ascending motion in the upper troposphere and descending motion in the lower troposphere is responsible for dominant stratiform rainfall on 15 July. The vertical wind shear does not have important impacts on development of stratiform rainfall. One day later, imposed upward motion extends to the lower troposphere. The inclusion of negative vertical wind shear produces well-organized convection and strong convective rainfall because it causes kinetic energy transfer from large-scale forcing to perturbation circulations.     

利用单多普勒雷达资料做冷流暴雪的中尺度分析

基于单多普勒天气雷达资料采用EVAP方法反演风场, 并结合径向速度、 反射率因子、 自动气象站和探空风场等观测资料, 对2005年12月6～7日山东半岛一次冷流暴雪过程的中尺度特征进行了深入分析, 结果表明： (1)雷达回波呈狭窄带状, 移动缓慢近乎停滞, 径向速度上存在风向切变线, 烟台和威海的暴雪不同步是冷流暴雪的典型特征; (2)首次通过雷达反演证实了逆风区实际就是风场切变在径向速度图上的反映, 垂直各层水平风场存在中尺度切变线, 且与强回波带相对应, 切变线的位置决定暴雪的落区; (3)通过雷达反演风场和风廓线共同揭示出强降雪产生时对流层中层有西北风、 西南风和东北风三股气流, 明显的西南气流位于850～700 hPa, 表明冷流降雪过程并非传统认为的仅有西北冷平流, 而是不同气流辐合的结果; (4)对流层中层的西南暖平流为云的播种和反馈机制提供了有利的天气背景条件, 使得冷流降雪增强, 这在常规观测资料中无法看到。