Field experiments of multi-channel oceanographic fluorescence lidar for oil spill and chlorophyll-a detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar (MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube (MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels (I ₄₉₅/I ₄₀₅) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.     

THE PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE STRATEGY

North China, whose total area is 420,000 km2, covers 2 provinces and 2 cities (Shanxi and Hebei provinces, Beijing and Tianjin) and the territories of Henan and Shandong provinces to the north of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province. Most of this region, which is situated in the semi-humid, semi-arid continental climate temperate zone, gets an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm, whereas, the perennial average amount of total water resource is 50.99 billion m3, including 33.82 billion m3 of surface water, 32.94 billion m3 of ground water and 15.77 billion m3 of their duplication. Due to the intensive exploitation of water resource caused by the deficiency of water resource in North China, key elements of water balance was changed, runoff volume reduced, evaporation increased, vertical movement of moisture strengthened, water circulation pattern transformed from open system into regionally closed system; meanwhile, due to the incompetent water     

水资源开发利用引起的环境负效应——以玛纳斯河流域为例

通过对玛纳斯河流域环境负效应研究,确定了水资源开发利用过程中引起环境负效应的制约因子,引入地下水动态均衡方法进行半定量分析,明确地下水量的变化为引起环境负效应的直接因素,为定量进行水资源综合开发与利用、防止环境负效应的产生提供方法和依据。     

断裂密集带在油运聚成藏中的作用——以三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层为例

为研究三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层油气成藏规律,采用断裂密集带与油气分布叠合的方法,分析断裂密集带在油气成藏分布中的作用.结果表明:三肇凹陷扶杨油层发育35条断裂密集带,尚2井区块扶杨油层发育9条断裂密集带;油主要分布在断裂密集带两侧,少量分布在断裂密集带内部.断裂密集带对油运移的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带边界断裂为油输导断裂;(2)断裂密集带不利于油横穿其侧向运移,但可沿其侧向运移.断裂密集带对油聚集的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带两侧的地垒和断阶构造是油聚集的有利部位;(2)断裂密集带内部的背形构造也是油聚集的有利部位.     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷古流体动力场数值模拟

首先对地下水动力场进行数学描述,以水动力为主线,建立适合该地区的数学模型,选择正确的地质模型参数,主要采用数值计算和模拟等手段,在恢复出乌尔逊凹陷主要目的层在不同地质历史时期古水动力的基础上又恢复出古流体势的演化历史。整体上,在乌尔逊凹陷,各主要地质时期的油势演化特征为西部地区大于东部地区,乌南大于乌北,且低势区的发育有较好的继承性。最后,依据油气聚集理论,进行油气运移聚集系统的划分、油气运移方向的分析,从而得出有关研究区油气运移聚集条件的认识,主要从流体动力的角度考虑,指出有利聚集区,认为在乌尔逊凹陷苏4～苏18井区、苏132～苏17～铜2井区及巴1～巴2～巴4井区为有利油气运移聚集区。     

济南东部大辛河渗漏段地下水示踪试验与分析

2013年以来,济南市为正确处理好保泉和市民饮用优质地下水的关系,组织实施了地表水转换地下水补源系列工程,旨在补源保泉的前提下开采地下水。大辛河地表水转地下水工程是其中重要的组成部分,为了查明大辛河渗漏补源后地下水的补给方向、径流速度等,在大辛河主要渗漏段开展了地下水示踪试验。结果显示:地下水渗漏补源后沿渗漏段—龙奥大厦—济南东区供水奥体加压站—贤文小区一线大体自南向北径流,视径流速度约45m/d,越往两侧流速越缓慢,表明大辛河地表水转地下水工程主要对东郊水源地进行补给,对市区四大泉群补给较弱。示踪试验得出的结论,对大辛河地表水转地下水工程运行具有重要指导作用,对后期管理部门合理规划补源、开采布局具有重要的借鉴意义,促进济南保泉和供水的有机统一。     

山东省煤田矿坑水资源化综合利用区划

矿坑水资源化利用是煤矿区解决水资源供需矛盾、改善生态环境的必然选择。该文分析了山东省煤田矿坑水资源化综合利用的可行性,以及矿坑水综合利用区划的设计思路,并在此基础上,提出了合理的矿坑水资源化综合利用区划,为山东省矿坑水资源化综合利用提供了科学依据。     

山东泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩特征及成因分析

为评价泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩资源潜力,开展了6口地质井的钻探、二维地震勘探和多项油页岩的样品分析测试工作。根据油页岩分析测试资料,结合录井、测井、地震、沉积等研究成果,总结了油页岩主要特征,对该区油页岩成因进行了初步分析。结果表明:泰莱凹陷姚庄地区油页岩主要发育在大汶口组中段沉积时期的湖相沉积中,大汶口组中段油页岩矿层与地层产状一致,走向277°,倾向7°,倾角4°~5°,矿层顶板埋深108.40m,矿层底板埋深272.06m,厚度0.80~2.29m,平均岩石密度为1.90t/m^3,含油率3.12%~4.07%,平均含油率3.48%。     

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取土器几何尺寸对饱和软黏土样结构的扰动研究

基于颗粒流软件模拟,以吹填淤泥为例,分析了取土器的内径、切角、壁厚等尺寸参数对高黏性软土微观动力学特性的影响;通过分层方法,比较了7组土样层间颗粒特征拐点的运动行为。模拟结果表明:土样的颗粒在底部形成对流位移场,对流处上方颗粒主要受拉膨胀,对流处下方颗粒主要受压收缩,由此造成孔隙率的规律变化和层理的弯曲变形。7组参数对应土样的孔隙率曲线与初始孔隙率曲线的交点同颗粒位移场的对流位置存在协同关系。土样层理表现为向下弯曲变形,层间颗粒位移行为存在特征拐点,拐点之间颗粒扰动行为不明显;反之,颗粒扰动行为较大,这种变形特征可拟合为下开口的旋转抛物面,且曲面方程的曲面形状拟合系数a值能初步评估7组土样的扰动程度。层间特征拐点的连线可再拟合为旋转抛物面,抛物面体积与土样体积的比值可用来评估土样的原状性。