Magnetic Susceptibility in Surface Sediments in the Southern South China Sea and Its Implication for Sub-sea Methane Venting

In order to understand the characteristics of magnetic variability and their possible implication for sub-sea methane venting,magnetic susceptibility (MS) of 145 surface sediment samples from the southern South China Sea (SCS) was investigated.Magnetic particles extracted from 20 representative samples were also examined for their mineral,chemical compositions and micromorphology.Results indicate that MS values range between -7.73×10-8 and 45.06x10-8 m3/kg.The high MS zones occur at some hydrecarbon-bearing basins and along main tectonic zones,and low ones are distributed mainly within the river delta or along continental shelves.Iron concretions and manganese concretions are not main contributors for high MS values in sediments,while authigenic iron sulphide minerals are possibly responsible for the MS enhancement.This phenomenon is suspected to be produced by the reducing environment where the high upward venting methane beneath the seafloor reacts with seawater sulfate,resulting in seep precipitation of highly susceptible intermediate mineral pyrrhotite,greigite and paramagnetic pyrite.It suggests that MS variability is possibly one of the geochemical indicators for mapping sub-sea zones of methane venting in the southern SCS.     

有限差分格式与物理量守恒性

为了成功地开展大气数值模拟,如何构造相应的离散格式是一项十分重要的工作.本文以大气球面浅水方程为例,从不同形式的微分方程组出发,分别构造了能量守恒格式、准辛格式和多守恒格式,并作相应的数值检验和比较,从中可以清楚地看到三类格式的优劣.这三类格式构造方法不同,所保持的物理守恒性不完全相同,数值计算时所需机时也不同,这些比较结果为实际工作的不同使用需求提供了选择依据.     

叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用

通过叠前深度偏移与常规处理的方法原理对比及实例分析,说明叠前深度偏移技术利于求准速度的纵横向变化、利于提高复杂构造和小断层的成像清晰度和精度,该技术在精细速度分析、正确速度—深度模型建立和叠加方法上的优势,在浅层地震勘探中具有广泛的推广价值。文中叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用实例表明,叠前深度偏移剖面与常规处理剖面相比,具有如下特点：①归位准确、断点清楚;②分辨率和信噪比更高;③真实反映地下构造形态;④解决速度陷阱问题,直接、精确给出地质层位深度。     

浅层地震探测的可控震源信号设计

在工程与环境物探中,浅层地震探测是一种常用的高分辨率物探方法,但是这种方法使用的炸药震源和枪击震源破坏力大,对人和建筑物都有危害,因而被禁止在人口稠密的地区使用．因此,无公害的电磁驱动可控震源技术得到了发展和应用．利用扫描信号压缩技术,小能量弹性波Chirp信号可持续向地下发送,不损害地面和建筑物,对人群也没有影响,是一种较理想的城市浅层地震震源．本文介绍了电磁驱动可控震源的信号设计方法,并简要介绍了具有波束定向能力的相控震源的设计思想．     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

油气资源预测统计模型及其应用

松辽盆地北部的油气勘探程度虽然较高,但仍然有一些尚未发现的油气资源。本文在对预测油气资源的分形分布模型和截断帕雷托(TSP)分布模型两种统计模型进行系统研究的基础上,结合油气藏地质规律,通过预测该区未发现的油(气)田数量及其储量规模分布,认为方法可行,结果供参考,并待实践进一步验证。得出主要结论是:分形分布模型是一种预测油气田数量和储量(资源量)的可靠方法,在勘探程度较高的盆地或区带应用效果较好,而在勘探新区应用则有一定难度;截断帕雷托分布模型相对于分形分布模型不很完善,但应用该模型进行油气资源分布预测受具体盆地地质条件的影响较小,具有应用价值。     

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Mass Sliding and Tsunami Generation: The Case of February 7, 1963, in Corinth Gulf,Greece

Numerical modeling of a landslide process at the continental slope by taking into account slope parameters is performed for the tsunami event of February 7, 1963, reported in the Corinth Gulf, central Greece. A layered sediment structure was considered, and an initial external dynamic action at the landslide process was introduced. The results obtained were quite consistent with the observational runup data as well as with the results arrived at by conventional rigid-body and viscous-fluid models. However, this approach permits to describe in detail the formation of several wave groups and particular tsunami characteristics that are strongly dependent on the landslide model.     

Seismic Insights into Bottom Simulating Reflection (BSR) in the Krishna-Godavari Basin,Eastern Margin of India

The multichannel seismic data along one long-offset survey line from Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin in the eastern margin of India were analyzed to define the seismic character of the gas hydrate/free gas bearing sediments. The discontinuous nature of bottom simulating reflection (BSR) was carefully examined. The presence of active faults and possible upward fluid circulation explain the discontinuous nature and low amplitude of the BSR. The study reveals free gas below gas hydrates, which is also indicated by enhancement of seismic amplitudes with offsets from BSR. These findings were characterized by computing seismic attributes such as the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency along the line. Geothermal gradients were computed for 18°C and 20°C temperature at the depth of BSR to understand the geothermal anomaly that can explain the dispersed nature of BSR. The estimated geothermal gradient shows an increase from 32°C/km in the slope region to 41°C/km in the deeper part, where free gas is present. The ray-based travel time inversion of identifiable reflected phases was also carried out along the line. The result of velocity tomography delineates the high-velocity (1.85–2.0 km/s) gas hydrate bearing sediments and low-velocity (1.45–1.5 km/s) free gas bearing sediments across the BSR.     

Sexual reproduction in Sarcotragus spinosulus from two different shallow environments

The reproductive cycle of the demosponge Sarcotragus spinosulus from two different shallow environments (La Pierta and La Strea) of the Ionian coasts of Apulia (SE Italy) was studied from February 2006 to February 2007 in 20 tagged specimens. The sponge is viviparous. All the monitored specimens showed sexual reproduction, even if the process usually involved small portions of the sponge tissue. Most of the specimens showed hermaphroditism, with contemporaneous production of oocytes and spermatic cysts in the same reproductive season. Young oocytes occurred from June to September in specimens from La Pierta and from June to October in those from La Strea. Large mature eggs, measuring up to 200 μm, showed a peak in August to September, concomitant with the appearance of spermatic cysts, whose density values were about 100 times higher than those estimated for female elements. At La Pierta, embryos were present for 11 months, whereas at La Strea they were very scarce during the first 4 months of observation, with the results that there was a significant difference in the production of embryos between the two groups of sponges. Embryo development occurred in patches inside the choanosomal region. Cleavage started in September and led in June to a solid stereoblastula, which, only at La Pierta, produced parenchymella larva (371.3 + 31.3 μm on average) from June to July. In the specimens from La Strea, larvae were never observed. The slight differences in the reproductive cycle between the two groups of sponges may be explained in the light of the major variability of the environmental parameters which could have affected the specimens from La Strea negatively.     

Distribution and Acoustic Characteristics of Shallow Gas in the Korea Strait Shelf Mud off SE Korea

Shallow gas in the Korea Strait shelf mud (KSSM) off SE Korea, revealed by high-resolution subbottom profiles, is associated with acoustic blanking, acoustic turbidity, seepages with plumes in the water column, and seafloor depressions. The acoustic blanking, characterized by strong, consistent top reflection and wipeout below, is most dominant. The seaward edge of the acoustic blanking zone generally coincides with the 100-m water-depth contour, suggesting that the water depth (the pressure) may control the distribution of shallow gas. The acoustic turbidity, characterized by diffuse top reflection, is a dark smear, partially blanking the data below. The seepages with plumes, characterized by vertical smearing and disturbed seafloor, are seen only along the shallowest, landward edge of the acoustic blanking zone. This may suggest that the decreased gas solubility at shallow water depths, caused by the lowered pressure, increases the volume of free gas in the sediments, facilitating the gas escape. The seafloor depressions, interpreted as pockmarks, are accompanied by cone-shaped acoustic masking, which is probably the reflection from a narrow vent of gas. The gas-related acoustic anomalies appear to occur mostly in the upper, recent mud of the KSSM. Neither permeable beds nor faults, which can act as vertical migration pathways for deep thermogenic gas, are evident in the recent mud. We interpret that the bacterial degradation of organic matter in situ is the main source for the gas in the KSSM. The upwelling off SE Korea may be an important source for the increased organic matter in the area.