罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)初次性成熟性腺发育的组织学观察

性腺发育是罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)个体生长及繁育的重要生物学过程,是良种培育的基础。采用外部形态观察及常规石蜡切片的方法,分析了罗氏沼虾初次性成熟过程中性腺外部形态及内部组织学变化的规律。结果表明,性腺颜色、体积及细胞组成、分布均随性腺发育表现出规律性变化,卵巢发育划分为8个时期,精巢发育分为4个时期。卵巢外部形态发育与内部组织学变化同步性高,随卵巢成熟度增加,不同阶段生殖细胞由生发区向外形成环状分区, Ⅰ~Ⅲ期卵巢体积、生殖细胞大小及性腺指数(GIS)增长缓慢,主要进行生殖细胞数量积累, Ⅳ~Ⅶ期卵巢体积、生殖细胞大小及GIS增长迅速,生殖细胞在增殖同时,营养物质积累迅速。可根据卵巢颜色、体积、色素分布等推测其内部组织细胞的发育情况。精巢形态发育和组织发育同步性较差,精巢体积、生殖细胞大小、种类及GIS在精巢成熟过程中变化较小, Ⅰ期精巢主要进行个体生殖功能的完善, Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期精巢则整体表现为个体生殖能力的强化过程。研究结果丰富了罗氏沼虾繁殖生物学内容,从形态及组织学方面初步探明了罗氏沼虾性腺的基本发育过程,可为其良种选育和虾苗繁育提供参考依据。     

Effects of marine reserves on the reproductive biology and recruitment rates of commonly and rarely exploited limpets

We tested the effects of marine reserve status on the reproductive biology and recruitment rates of two commonly exploited (Helcion concolor, Scutellastra longicosta) and two rarely exploited (Cellana capensis, Scutellastra granularis) limpet species using two reserve and two non-reserve sites on the south coast of South Africa. Because densities of commonly exploited species are lower outside reserves, we hypothesised that limpets outside reserves will: (i) mature earlier; and (ii) show higher individual reproductive output. Rarely exploited species should show no such effects. For recruitment, we hypothesised that if recruits are attracted to adults or survive better where there are more adults, then commonly exploited (but not rarely exploited) species should show higher recruitment inside reserves. Analyses of gonadosomatic indices produced significant Month × Reserve interactions for all species (ANCOVA, p < 0.05), indicating inconsistent reserve effects even for exploited species, although months with significant differences occurred more often in the commonly exploited species, giving weak support to the hypothesis regarding reproductive output. Reserve status had no significant effect on sex ratios or size at sexual maturity for either sex of any species. Accordingly, reserves had only a minor influence on reproduction in these species, which might reflect an indirect effect of poor policing. The timing of major recruitment events differed among species, with two broad patterns: recruitment was sporadic for C. capensis and S. longicosta and protracted for H. concolor and S. granularis. Recruit densities showed strong site effects. Highest recruitment occurred at the exploited site, Xhora, with no reserve effects, except in a single month for C. capensis, indicating that recruitment is independent of whether the site is protected or not. Therefore, reserves do not enhance recruitment directly, but because these populations appear to be open on scales of tens of kilometres, generally higher densities of limpets within reserves could enhance overall recruitment, because of greater gamete output by the population. Accordingly, reserves might have an indirect ‘spillover’ effect on recruitment, if not a direct one.     

杨氏天镇龙性双形现象的初步研究

通过对河北地质大学地球科学博物馆和山西大同博物馆收藏的4具杨氏天镇龙（甲龙类）骨架化石的研究,主要根据其头颅和尾锤的形态特征,认为杨氏天镇龙存在明显的性双形现象。雄性个体的鳞骨角粗大,向后上方两侧突伸;尾锤呈亚圆形,大而扁平。雌性个体的鳞骨角细小、低矮,向后侧方向突伸;尾锤呈亚圆形,小而扁平,表面具核桃纹纹饰。对甲龙类性双形现象的探讨为恐龙的研究提出了一种新的思路,可避免分类时出现同物异名的现象。     

四翼恐龙还是恐龙的性双形现象

根据数百件赵氏小盗龙(Microraptor zhaoianus)、顾氏小盗龙(Microraptor gui)、赫氏近鸟龙(Anchiornis huxleyi)和圣贤孔子鸟(Confuciusornis sanctus)标本的观察研究,在数理统计的基础上,获得几点认识:(1)顾氏小盗龙与赵氏小盗龙为同物异名,赵氏小盗龙为有效名称;(2)在研究的标本中,只有部分标本可以观察到这些物种的跖骨部分保存有羽毛印痕;(3)此种现象应该是恐龙的性双形现象,而不是所谓的"四翼恐龙";(4)这种现象表明,这些物种与今鸟类的关系较远,它们应该是恐龙向鸟类进化中的绝灭旁支;(5)在恐龙向鸟类演化的过程中,应该存在一个"滑翔"阶段,而不是"四翼恐龙"阶段。     

夜光藻高效培养方法建立及其有性繁殖发生机制的初步研究

夜光藻(Noctilucascintillans)是典型的赤潮生物,在世界多个海域形成过大面积赤潮,对海洋生态系统构成一定的威胁。夜光藻赤潮的发生不仅受外界环境因子的影响,其有性繁殖的方式在赤潮发生过程中也起着重要作用。本研究从连云港海域分离获得一株夜光藻,利用自行设计的饵料藻投喂装置,以天然海水为培养基,在温度20～25℃范围内实现了夜光藻的室内长期培养,并观察记录了夜光藻配子发生全过程。研究结果表明,夜光藻不同生长阶段培养体系中配子母细胞与营养细胞密度变化趋势基本一致,显示夜光藻的有性繁殖发生与种群丰度存在一定的相关性,但它们之间的因果关系还有待进一步探讨。本研究结果加深了对夜光藻有性繁殖的认识,有助于阐明其种群增长模式,并深入理解其赤潮暴发机制。