含矿流体混合反应与成矿作用的动力平衡模拟研究

本文在约定热液体系中成矿元素成矿速率(成矿过程中单位时间内单位体积所合成矿元素重量的变化)的基础上。借助于物质-热-化学-成矿四重全耦合的研究思路,构建了均匀热液体系、层状热液体系、岩浆侵入热液体系下成矿元素的迁移、富集、溶解与沉淀作用数值模型。模拟结果表明;(1)硫化物(H2S)和硫酸盐(SO42-)流体的混合反应是成矿热液体系中铅、锌、铁成矿元素成矿的重要控制因素;(2)均匀介质、岩浆侵入或地质构造的存在,对成矿元素在成矿流体运移的速度、流线、温度分布和成矿元素的溶解与沉淀分布都有着各自的特征．不同的成矿环境或成矿背景制约了成矿元素的迁移与富集以及矿体的产出定位。暗示成矿环境及成矿速率对热液体系中成矿元素的沉淀与溶解具重要作用;成矿流体的混合反应是成矿作用发生的重要机制之一。在成矿理论研究中必须充分考虑不同地质构造因素的约束。     

The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate

Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (>1000 km³) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite–dacite–andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff – one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province – provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates.The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km³. It was emplaced 29.02±0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north–south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase>quartz≈hornblende>biotite>Fe–Ti oxides≈sanidine>titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63–71 wt% SiO₂) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance.These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit.The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere.     

冈底斯明则-程巴斑岩-夕卡岩型Mo-Cu矿床成矿时代与含矿岩石成因

冈底斯东南缘克鲁-冲木达矿带以发育渐新世斑岩-夕卡岩型Mo-W-Cu成矿作用而有别于冈底斯中新世斑岩-夕卡岩型Cu-Mo-Au矿带,但是对渐新世成矿岩石类型及成因以及渐新世与中新世斑岩成矿作用存在差异的原因尚不清楚,严重制约了该带矿产资源潜力评价.为此,本文选择矿带内程巴斑岩型Mo矿床及明则夕卡岩型Cu矿床开展了成岩与成矿年代学及含矿岩石成因研究.明则矿区与夕卡岩矿化有关的二长岩的结晶年龄为30.4±0.6Ma,表明夕卡岩矿化时代约30Ma,这与程巴斑岩型Mo矿床矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析所揭示的约30Ma矿化时代一致.明则二长岩的SiO2含量为55％ ～57％,K2O含量为2.7％ ～5.0％,属于钾玄岩,具有较高的MgO含量(3.5％～6.9％)、Mg#值(57.6～67.2)以及相容元素含量(Cr =34×10-6 ～379×10-6;Ni为48×10-6～116×10-6).而程巴花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量为65％ ～ 67％,K2O含量为3.2％～4.1％,属于高钾钙碱性岩,具有较低的MgO含量(1.7％～2.1％)、Mg#值(49.5～51.1)以及相容元素含量(Cr =20×10-6～39×10-6;Ni为16×10-6 ～25×10-6).二长岩和花岗闪长岩均显示富集轻稀土元素与大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有弱的Eu负异常,但二长岩的REE含量明显高于花岗闪长岩,且具有较低的Sr/Y比值(24 ～49),后者Sr/Y比值为54～68.两种岩石均具有类似的Hf同位素组成,二长岩的εHf(t)值为+2.8～+6.8,花岗闪长岩εHf(t)值为+4.2～ +6.1.综合分析表明,二长岩是受大洋板片流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,而花岗闪长岩是增厚的新生下地壳部分熔融的产物,二者在形成过程中可能发生了幔源镁铁质岩浆与壳源长英质岩浆的混合作用,这种壳幔相互作用导致区域斑岩-夕卡岩型Cu-Mo矿化,但由于该区隆升剥蚀强烈,上部的斑岩型Cu矿体基本被剥蚀而没有保存下来,因此现今表现为斑岩型Mo矿床.     

基于非充分掺混模式的流域来水组成模型

针对如何减小数值求解对流输运方程耗散误差的问题,引进断面计算浓度的概念来计算河段平均浓度,提出了非充分掺混模式的有限控制体积法离散对流输运方程的新算法,据此构建了模拟流域内的水源组成以及不同水源在流域内的时空变化情况的流域来水组成模型。通过数值试验与具体实例验证,结果表明所提出的非充分掺混模式的新算法可有效地提高流域来水模型的计算精度。     

Interpretation of210Pb profiles and verification of the CRS dating model in PIRLA project lake sediment cores

This paper reports results and analysis of²¹⁰Pb-activity measurements in 51 lake-sediment cores from 32 lakes in the four PIRLA (Paleoecological Investigations of Recent Lake Acidification) project regions (Adirondack Mountains [New York], Northern New England, Northern Florida, and the Northern Great Lakes States). General application of the Constant Rate of Supply (Constant Flux) model for²¹⁰Pb dating is valid for lakes in the PIRLA study, although application of the model is equivocal in a few lakes.²¹⁰Pb inventories and profiles are replicable among closely spaced cores within a lake. Specific²¹⁰Pb activity in surface sediments is negatively correlated with bulk sediment accumulation rate in seepage lakes, but not in drainage lakes. Drainage lakes with lower pH have lower unsupported²¹⁰Pb inventories in sediments, but the relationship does not occur in seepage lakes.²¹⁰Pb profiles in only seven of the cores, all from either the Adirondacks or the northern Great Lakes states, exhibit exponential decay curves. Deviations from an exponential profile include a flattening of the profile in the top few cm or excursions of one or a few measurements away from an exponential curve.²¹⁰Pb dates typically agree with other chronostratigraphic markers, most of which are subject to greater uncertainty. Several hypotheses, including sediment mixing, hydrologic regime, sediment focusing, and acidification, are proposed to explain variation of²¹⁰Pb distribution among lakes and regions. Hydrologic factors exert control on unsupported²¹⁰Pb inventories in PIRLA lakes, and there is a strong focusing effect in drainage lakes but a weak focusing effect in seepage lakes.This is the third of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20^th anniversary of the first application of²¹⁰Pb dating of lake sediments. Dr P. G. Appleby is guest editing this series.     

Hypolimnetic density currents traced by sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

The artificial tracer sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) has been used to study the density-driven deep water exchange between two sill-separated basins of Lake Lucerne, Gersauersee and Urnersee. The sources of the density gradients between the two basins are (1) salinity differences between the major inlets due to the different geology of their drainage areas, and (2) temperature differences due to spatial variation of wind forcing. Wind speeds are generally larger in Urnersee, especially in spring during the so-called Föhn events, when winds blow from the south. In contrast, Gersauersee is protected form these winds. In spring 1989, a total of 630 g of SF₆ was released at 80 to 120 m depth in the small Treib Basin located between Urnersee and Gersauersee. During about 100 days the distribution of SF₆ in the lake was determined by gaschromatography. Two models are used to quantify the exchange flow, (1) a one-box mass balance model for SF₆ in the deep part of Treib Basin, and (2) a one-dimensional diffusion/advection model describing the temporal and vertical temperature variation in Urnersee. According to the first model, the flow into the deep hypolimnion of Urnersee, decreases from 21·10⁶ m³·d^?1 at the end of March to about 8·10⁶ m³·d^?1 in late April. The second model yields similar flow rates. The decrease of the flow rate during spring, confirmed by both approaches, is consistent (1) with the decreasing strength of the density gradient above the sill during spring and early summer, and (2) with hydrographic information collected in Lake Lucerne during other years.     

砂井联合水泥土搅拌桩复合地基固结解析解

砂井联合水泥土桩复合地基是一种新型的复合地基加固技术,既可以加快软土地基固结时间,又可以增强软土地基的强度。针对该组合型复合地基的布桩特点,该类复合地基可以简化成以水泥土搅拌桩为中心的轴对称固结模型,并假定孔隙水沿径向渗流到砂井体内的流量等同于砂井体内排出的水量,考虑砂井的涂抹效应,推导出该类型下砂井联合水泥土搅拌桩复合地基固结方程。根据实际工程荷载多数单级施加和地基附加应力呈梯形分布的特点,得出了砂井联合水泥土桩复合地基固结解析解。通过对单级荷载情况下的复合地基固结解析解的退化,得出了瞬时施加荷载下的解析解。最后分别针对井径比、加荷历时、桩-土模量比、砂井渗透系数等影响因素,对复合地基固结性状进行了分析。该解答对提高此类复合地基的设计和计算水平有一定的理论指导意义。     

Influence of Wind on Dynamics and Flushing of Shallow Estuaries

Observations of two small estuaries in Cape Cod, U.S.A. indicate large variations in salinity structure that are forced by variations in along-estuary wind stress. During onshore winds, the estuarine circulation is reduced, and the along-estuary salinity gradient increases as freshwater accumulates. During offshore winds, the surface outflow is enhanced, freshwater is flushed out of the estuary, and the along-estuary salinity gradient becomes weak. Constrictions block the wind-induced flushing, resulting in strong salinity fronts across the constrictions. The residence time of one of the estuaries varies by more than a factor of three in response to variations in wind-induced flushing. The other estuary has little variation of flushing associated with winds, due to a constriction at the mouth that inhibits the wind-induced exchange. The strong influence of winds on the flushing of these estuaries is due in part to their shallow depths, which accentuates the influence of wind stress relative to the effects of the horizontal density gradient. In addition, the residence times of the estuaries are comparable to the time scale of wind forcing, allowing large changes in water properties during wind events.     

深层水泥土搅拌桩在基坑支护中的应用

通过介绍水泥与土之间的一系列物理-化学反应,阐述了深层搅拌法加固地基土的原理[1]。结合室内试验及工程实例,介绍了深层水泥土搅拌桩重力式挡墙技术在基坑支护中的应用,对于基坑设计及施工有一定实际意义。     

The preservation potential of ash layers in the deep‐sea: the example of the 1991‐Pinatubo ash in the South China Sea

Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991, volcanic ash was transported westward to the South China Sea in an atmospheric plume, falling out and settling to the sea floor within days and forming an up to 10 cm thick layer on an area >400 000 km². Immediately after deposition, surviving deep‐burrowing animals re‐opened their connection to the sea floor to obtain water for respiration and/or food take‐up. Later, small‐sized meiofauna and then macrofauna re‐colonized the sea floor, mixing newly deposited organic fluff with the underlying ash. Consequently, ash deposits thinner than 1 mm have not often been observed as a continuous layer when cored six years after the eruption, while ash about 2 mm thick is now patchily bioturbated. In areas covered by ash thicker than 5 mm, mixing by benthic animals is controlled mainly by the adaptation of the burrowing fauna to variations in grain‐size, the rate of background sedimentation, the availability of benthic food on and within the sediment and pore water oxygen levels. With respect to these factors, four provinces can be distinguished: (i) Along the Philippines margin run‐off from land fuels primary production that, in turn, leads to a high benthic food content. The benthic fauna is adapted to a variable grain‐size and rapid sedimentation. Therefore, mixing is intense and the preservation potential of the ash layer is low. (ii) In areas affected by deposition of hyperpycnites and turbidites, i.e. in canyons in front of river mouths and in the Manila Trench, the ash layer is preserved due to rapid burial. (iii) The area to the west to about 116° E receives low amounts of benthic food, benthic mixing is less intense and the preservation potential of the ash is high. (iv) The central South China Sea, where the ash is thinner than 3 cm, is affected by intense wind mixing and upwelling and the benthic food content is high; thus, the chance that the ash will be preserved as a sharp‐based layer is low. Consequently, the style of ash preservation has palaeo‐environmental significance. Older buried and burrowed event layers provide further information to elucidate the fate of the 1991 Pinatubo ash layer; in general their appearance fits with observations in the Recent.