数字水果湖水下地形和淤泥厚度测量

阐述了采用GPS接收机和双频数字测深仪 ,以伪距差分实时定位测量模式施测水果湖水下地形和淤泥厚度的全过程和若干技术问题 ,所得结果对水果湖的治理提供了可靠的资料 ,指出了武汉市湖泊治理的迫切性     

Characteristics of trace elements in contaminated rivers and their environmental significance

Several rivers researched around Taihu Lake in Chinese eastern plain are distributed to the west of the lake. Pollutants of different types from tributaries and inlets flow directly into the main rivers and finally into the lake. They change trace elements of rivers fi＇om which we can analyze. Researches about trace elements are helpful for understanding the pollutant characteristics, industrial structure and agricultural cultivation in the area of network rivers in the plain of China. Samples of water column, suspended matter and sediment were collected fi＇om the west rivers of Taihu Lake, which represent three typical rivers. Observation in the field and the primary composition analysis showed the Caoqiao River was mainly contaminated by industrial wastewater, the Liangxi River was discharged by domestic sewage and the Dapu River was principally input by farmland runoff. REE concentrations and their normalized curves showed obvious characters for rivers discharged by different sewages. The contents of total REE in water column followed the order of the Caoqiao River, the Dapu River and the Liangxi River fi＇om high to low. TREEs in suspended matter and sediments follow the order of the Dapu River 〉 the Caoqiao River 〉 the Liangxi River. REE normalized curves （for Australia shale） suggested that significant diversities were presented in water column, suspended matter and sediments, i.e., heavy REE enrichment in water, middle REE enrichment in suspended matter, and smooth curves for sediments. But the heavy pollution resulted in several anomalous curves in the same rivers. Some element ratios were selected as indices for polluted rivers based on their geochemical properties and diversities between rivers. The results displayed the discriminative indices for water column, suspended matter and sediment. The effective indices were Pb/Fe, Cr/Fe, Ni/Fe, Pb/Ni, Zn/Ni for water column, Cu/Al, Cu/Fe, Zn/Fe, K/Ca, K/Na, Pb/Co, Zn/Co for suspend matter and Pb/Fe, K/Ca, Ca/Mg, Zn/Ni for sediment, respectively. In general, rivers mainly discharged by industrial sewage have high ratios of Pb/Ni, K/Ca, are enriched in the middle REE and have positive Gd anomaly. The domestic sewage flowing into rivers reveals high ratios of Zn/Ni, Pb/Fe, and is enriched in the heavy REE, and has the positive Eu anomaly. If runoff of farmland enters into the rivers, it will have high ratios of Ca/Mg, K/Na, high lanthanum, and show the smooth normalized curves of REE.     

GIS环境下污水管网设计流量的快速计算

针对ＧＩＳ环境下污水管网设计问题，提出了一种快速计算管段设计流量的方法——递归方法。分析了递归的原理、链式表的建立以及递归算法的具体实现等，并以实例阐述了递归计算的各个步骤     

污水泵浓盐水示踪测流研究

针对污水泵流量监测中常规测流方法的缺点,结合工程实践,研究浓盐水示踪法在污水泵流量监测中的可行性,提出该方法适于在低背景盐浓度下污水的测流;观察激励信号、温度等对测流结果的影响,给出修正方法;利用计算机采集技术,提高方法的准确性、实时性。     

δ15N在污水生物脱氮机理研究中的应用

近年来,硝酸盐氮的污染愈来愈严重.无论是地表水还是地下水都受到不同程度的氮污染.控制氮污染及处理氮污染问题已经提到我国水污染控制的议事日程.本文探索微生物处理含氮污水的过程中反硝化作用的脱氮机理,使用δ15N标识技术研究水体中三氮运移转化过程中的质量不守恒,证明δ15N标识技术研究确定不同形态氮的数量各系是可行的.研究水体中三氮质量不守恒现象,将解决含氮污水生物净化中污泥上浮问题、氮污染含水层生物修复中气阻问题.     

Oxidative dissolution of pyritic sludge from the Aznalcóllar mine (SW Spain)

As a result of the collapse of a mine tailing dam, a large extension of the Guadiamar valley was covered with a layer of pyritic sludge. Despite the removal of most of the sludge, a small amount remained in the soil, constituting a potential risk of water contamination. The kinetics of the sludge oxidation was studied by means of laboratory flow-through experiments at different pH and oxygen pressures. The sludge is composed mainly of pyrite (76%), together with quartz, gypsum, clays, and sulphides of zinc, copper, and lead. Trace elements, such as arsenic and cadmium, also constitute a potential source of pollution. The sludge is fine grained (median of 12 μm) and exhibits a large surface (BET area of 1.4±0.2 m² g⁻¹).

The dissolution rate law of sludge obtained is r=10^{−6.1(±0.3)} [O₂(aq)]^0.41(±0.04) a_H+^0.09(±0.06) g_sludge m⁻² s⁻¹ (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). The dissolution rate law of pyrite obtained is r=10^{−7.8(±0.3)} [O₂(aq)]^0.50(±0.04) a_H+^0.10(±0.08) mol m⁻² s⁻¹ (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). Under the same experimental conditions, sphalerite dissolved faster than pyrite but chalcopyrite dissolves at a rate similar to that of pyrite. No clear dependence on pH or oxygen pressure was observed. Only galena dissolution seemed to be promoted by proton activity. Arsenic and antimony were released consistently with sulphate, except at low pH conditions under which they were released faster, suggesting that additional sources other than pyrite such as arsenopyrite could be present in the sludge. Cobalt dissolved congruently with pyrite, but Tl and Cd seemed to be related to galena and sphalerite, respectively.

A mechanism for pyrite dissolution where the rate-limiting step is the surface oxidation of sulphide to sulphate after the adsorption of O₂ onto pyrite surface is proposed.     

Individual and Synergistic Effects of Metronidazole,Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin on Methane Fermentation with Sewage Sludge

Methane fermentation is widely used to dispose of sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), due to production of renewable energy in the form of biogas. Antibiotics present in wastewater may accumulate in a sewage sludge. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of three antibiotics from different classes in three different doses on methane production from sewage sludge. For this purpose, metronidazole (MET), amoxicillin (AMO), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are individually added to anaerobic reactors with sewage sludge collected from municipal WWTP. The antibiotics’ highest concentration (1024 mg kg^?1 of AMO; 512 mg kg^?1 of MET and CIP) lowers methane production and methane content in biogas. MET exerts the most marked effect and lowers methane production to 36.8 ± 3.7 mL CH₄ kg^?1 volatile solids. Tested antibiotics probably inhibit methanogenic archaea, which results in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation. Addition of MET results in accumulation of many kinds of VFAs with the highest concentration of acetic acid (17.52 ± 1.85 g L^?1). The addition of of AMO results in accumulation of butyric acid only (253.00 ± 15.89 g L^?1). However, addition of CIP results in accumulation of mainly acetic acid (7.58 ± 0.82 g L^?1) and isovaleric acid (2.01 ± 0.41 g L^?1). Next, synergistic effect of these antibiotics in a low concentration of 16 mg kg^?1 of AMO, 8 mg kg^?1 of MET, and 2 mg kg^?1 of CIP is measured in semi‐continuous conditions and causes inbibition of methane production and accumulation of VFAs.     

镀镍多壁碳纳米管对序批式反应器性能及其微生物群落的影响

本文研究了长期暴露条件下镀镍多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-Ni)对序批式反应器(SBR)性能、微生物酶活性和微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明,10mg/LMWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露未对SBR去除有机物产生影响,而NH+4-N的去除率由(99.10±0.60)%明显降至(39.04±1.61)%。与进水中未加入MWCNTs-Ni时的第32天相比,活性污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶(DHA)活性在第148天时分别降低了17.43%和24.32%;而脱氮速率和与脱氮相关的微生物酶活性均降低了60%以上,从而导致SBR对氮的去除效果明显降低。MWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露导致活性污泥活性氧(ROS)产生量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量在第148天时分别增加了67.23%和65.33%,表明MWCNTs-Ni的长期暴露能够诱导活性污泥中微生物产生氧化应激和细胞膜损伤。高通量测序结果表明,长期暴露于10mg/L的MWCNTs-Ni条件下,活性污泥中与硝化过程相关菌属(Nitrosomonas、Nitrosospir、Nitrospira)和与反硝化过程相关菌属(Dokdonella、Dechloromonas、Steroidobacter、Devosia、Thermomonas)的相对丰度明显降低,进而影响到SBR对氮的去除。该研究结果可为评价MWCNTsNi对污水生物处理系统的潜在影响提供一定的理论基础和技术依据。