新疆西准噶尔塔斯阔腊岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

新疆西准噶尔地区晚石炭世构造背景一直存在较大争议,很大程度上制约了对该区构造演化的深入探索。本文以庙尔沟南部塔斯阔腊岩体为研究对象,进行了详细的野外地质调查、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年及岩石地球化学研究,旨在查明其成岩时代、岩石成因及构造背景。结果表明,该岩体岩性主要为花岗闪长岩,其中广泛发育代表岩浆混合作用的暗色镁铁质微粒包体。锆石U-Pb年代学研究显示塔斯阔腊岩体花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄为314.9±1.9Ma,属晚石炭世早期。岩石地球化学特征显示其为钙碱性准铝质—弱过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩,岩石具有中等硅(SiO2=64.41%~66.48%)、铝(Al2O3=15.66%~16.45%)及较低镁(MgO=1.61%~1.86%)和钙(CaO=3.04%~3.26%)的特征。富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf等高场强元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P和重稀土,负Eu异常较微弱(δEu=0.32~0.68,平均0.61),与区内夏尔莆、布尔克斯台等岩浆混合花岗岩体在成岩时代、地球化学特征及岩石成因等方面有着显著的相似性。综合区域地质背景及岩浆演化,认为塔斯阔腊岩体形成于晚石炭世早期与俯冲作用相关的岛弧环境,是受俯冲流体交代的上覆地幔楔熔融形成的基性岩浆底侵下地壳,诱发下地壳玄武质岩石发生部分熔融而成,同时存在一定程度的壳幔岩浆混合作用。     

Geometry,spatial arrangement and origin of carbonate grain‐dominated,scour‐fill and event‐bed deposits: Late Jurassic Jubaila Formation and Arab‐D Member,Saudi Arabia

Outcrop analogues of the Late Jurassic lower Arab‐D reservoir zone in Saudi Arabia expose a succession of fining‐upward cycles deposited on a distal middle‐ramp to outer‐ramp setting. These cycles are interrupted by erosional scours that incise up to 1·8 m into underlying deposits and are infilled with intraclasts up to boulder size (1 m diameter). Scours of similar size and infill are not commonly observed on low‐angle carbonate ramps. Outcrops have been used to characterize and quantify facies‐body geometries and spatial relationships. The coarse grain size of scour‐fills indicates scouring and boulder transport by debris or hyperconcentrated density flows strengthened by offshore‐directed currents. Longitudinal and lateral flow transformation is invoked to produce the ‘pit and wing’ geometry of the scours. Scour pits and wings erode up to 1·8 m and 0·7 m deep, respectively, and are on average 50 m wide between wing tips. The flat bases of the scours and their lack of consistent aspect ratio indicate that erosion depth was limited by the presence of cemented firmgrounds in underlying cycles. Scours define slightly sinuous channels that are consistently oriented north–south, sub‐parallel to the inferred regional depositional strike of the ramp, suggesting that local palaeobathymetry was more complex than commonly assumed. Weak lateral clustering of some scours indicates that they were underfilled and reoccupied by later scour incision and infill. Rudstone scour‐fills required reworking of material from inner ramp by high‐energy, offshore‐directed flows, associated with storm action and the hydraulic gradient produced by coastal storm setup, to generate erosion and sustain transport of clasts that are generally associated with steeper slopes. Quantitative analysis indicates that these coarse‐grained units have limited potential for correlation between wells as laterally continuous, highly permeable reservoir flow units, but their erosional and locally clustered character may increase effective vertical permeability of the Arab‐D reservoir zone as a whole.     

北山独龙包地区晚石炭世陆缘弧岩浆作用——花岗闪长岩锆石U Pb年龄及地球化学证据

本文报道了北山地区独龙包南花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与全岩地球化学,以确定其形成时代、岩石成因及构造环境。花岗闪长岩中的锆石呈短柱状或近等轴粒状,具典型的振荡环带,Th/U值介于0.42~0.75之间,指示岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石的定年结果显示,独龙包南花岗闪长岩形成于303.4±2.1 Ma。该期花岗闪长岩的Si O2含量为63.73%~69.12%,Na_2O=3.69%~4.03%,K_2O=2.23%~2.73%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)为6.08%~6.44%,Al2O3含量较高(14.83%~15.89%),K2O/Na2O为0.58~0.74,A/NCK=0.91~0.99;该区花岗闪长岩富集轻稀土(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、U、Pb,亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P、Ti,且轻重稀土元素分馏较强,(La/Yb)N变化于4.77~6.35,具有弱的负铕异常,δEu为0.79~0.94。上述特征表明,该期花岗闪长岩属于准铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩,岩浆源区为下地壳,受到地幔物质的混染,形成构造背景为陆缘弧。结合邻区特征,得出红石山—百合山—蓬勃山蛇绿岩带代表的洋盆于晚石炭世可能发生了南北双向俯冲。     

静水条件下冰冻泥沙水下休止角的试验研究

为研究冰冻泥沙在静水中融化后休止角的变化规律以及不同环境中泥沙休止角的差异,采用粒径为0～1 mm、1～2 mm、2～4 mm的泥沙试样,进行了风干泥沙在空气中的休止角、无冰泥沙以及冰冻泥沙水下休止角试验。试验结果表明：对于同一粒径范围的泥沙,风干沙在空气中的休止角最大,冰冻泥沙水下休止角次之,无冰泥沙水下休止角最小,三种试验情景中休止角均随泥沙粒径的增大而增大;泥沙水下休止角与风干沙在空气中休止角的差异,主要与水对泥沙的润滑作用以及泥沙在不同介质中的有效容重系数有关;泥沙在水下受到冰的影响表现为局部泥沙颗粒滑动,这更有利于斜坡上泥沙的堆积,相对于无冰泥沙而言,冰的存在使泥沙水下休止角增大。     

An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint

The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint. Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks. Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle, the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy. In this study, the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter. On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks, the potential range of the critical angle was determined, and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range. This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater.     

一种多角度观测系统几何精度的评估方法

多角度观测系统用于地面遥感实验中测量地物的双向反射特性。配合高光谱分辨率遥感卫星影像,可以反演得到地物的三维结构信息。多角度观测系统的几何精度直接影响到观测地物的范围及采集数据的准确性。对其进行评估,不仅为实验人员选择实验设备提供精度参数,而且有助于实验人员确定观测范围。以激光脚点最小包络圆半径作为评估参数,提供了一种评估多角度观测系统几何精度的方法;对自主研发的多角度观测系统的几何精度进行了计算与评估。对不同光谱仪视场下的理论观测范围与考虑系统几何精度后的实际观测范围进行了计算,并给出了参考。     

新疆祁漫塔格维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

维宝铜铅锌多金属矿床位于青海与新疆两省区交界处的若羌县境内,是近年来在新疆祁漫塔格地区新发现的具有大型远景规模的多金属矿床,本文对该矿床西北部含暗色包体花岗闪长岩开展了SIMS高精度锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究,结果表明该花岗闪长岩含有角闪石特征矿物,SiO2含量为60.74%~61.34%,K2O含量为3.01%~3.20%,A/CNK值为0.89~0.94,属于准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩;在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分图上表现为右倾式,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.56~0.59),微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和Th,明显亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Ti等为特征。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为227.6±2.3 Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.02),形成于晚三叠世,是东昆仑祁漫塔格地区中—晚三叠世大规模中酸性岩浆侵入作用的产物。借助元素判别图解,结合矿床地质特征和区域构造演化特点,认为维宝矿区西北部花岗闪长岩形成的构造环境为后碰撞演化阶段,很可能是与深部壳幔混染有关的变火成岩部分熔融的产物。     

Application of 55 multi-dimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams to Precambrian belts

Fifty-five new multi-dimensional diagrams, mostly based on log-ratio transformations, were used to decipher tectonic settings for 17 cases of Precambrian belts in Canada, the USA, Poland, Finland, Jordan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, China, and India. The results of different sets of diagrams for basic-ultrabasic, intermediate, and acid magmas were generally internally consistent. Possible reasons for some inconsistencies may be related to the use of a sample group of mixed ages because of their uncertainties, extreme element mobility caused by metamorphism especially of high-grade type, analytical data quality, different petrogenetic processes for basic to acid magmas such as mantle versus crustal origin, and some deficiencies that still exist in the multi-dimensional diagrams. To partly overcome the last problem, one new multi-dimensional diagram is proposed and used to discriminate mid-ocean ridge and oceanic plateau settings.     

Evaluation of two multidimensional discrimination diagrams from beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico and their application to Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks

Two discriminant-function-based multidimensional major-element diagrams for the tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments were recently published from a coherent statistical methodology of log_e-ratio transformation and linear discriminant analysis. These diagrams were constructed based on worldwide examples of Neogene–Quaternary siliciclastic sediments from known tectonic settings. In this work, these two tectonic discrimination diagrams were first successfully tested from Holocene (<0.0117–0 Ma) beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. These diagrams were used to decipher tectonic settings of 11 case studies of the Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks (~512–2800 Ma) from Argentina, USA, Ghana, Spain, Norway, India, China, and Australia. The test and application results obtained from these discrimination diagrams were generally consistent with the geology of the Precambrian source areas. Therefore, the two multidimensional diagrams can be considered as a useful tool for successfully discriminating the tectonic setting of older sedimentary basins, which may consist of one or more tectonic assemblages. Comparison of results of this study with the previously published tectonic discrimination diagrams is illustrated and the probable reasons for some inconsistent inferences were also discussed.