First high-resolution luminescence dating of loess in Western Siberia

The south of Western Siberia is an important part of the Eurasian loess belt, containing an extensive record of Quaternary landscape and climate evolution in up to 100 m thick loess deposits with as many as 10 pedocomplexes. However, this important Quaternary archive lacks a reliable absolute chronology, and this has prevented the linking of the widely accepted regional chronostratigraphic correlations with those of other parts of the Eurasian loess belt. Here we present the first results of detailed luminescence dating of the Late Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequence at the Western Siberian stratotype section of Lozhok. According to the classical regional chronostratigraphic scheme, this sequence records the main stages of the environmental evolution of the region, including three palaeosols correlated with the warming stages of MIS 5e, MIS 5c and MIS 3. Our absolute chronology is based on 38 new luminescence ages (OSL, IR₅₀, pIRIR₂₉₀). Good agreement between the OSL and pIRIR₂₉₀ ages suggests sufficient bleaching before deposition. The resulting chronology reveals that, rather than being only Upper Pleistocene in age, the loess-palaeosol sequence at Lozhok actually formed in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. The ages of individual horizons do not correspond to the previously accepted stratigraphic units and morphological features of pedocomplexes. Our Bayesian chronological model reveals remarkable variation in dust accumulation and preservation at the site. The new results unambiguously identify the presence of an erosional boundary with a hiatus lasting ∼90 ka. The upper pedocomplex, immediately below this discontinuity, formed in sediment deposited between 131 ± 9 ka and 122 ± 11 ka and clearly corresponds to MIS 5. The lower pedocomplex is found in sediment deposited between 240 ± 12 and 199 ± 9 ka, and correlates closely with MIS 7. These new findings demonstrate the urgent need for a wider programme to date the main stratotypes of loess-palaeosol sections in Western Siberia. Only then can the global implications of the regional climate record in this important continental-scale archive be correctly interpreted.     

塔中地区良里塔格组海平面变化对高频层序和沉积演化的控制

【研究目的】碳酸盐岩地层易受海平面变化影响而发育高频层序,但是反映海平面变化的地化指标的精度不足,导致高频层序对海平面振荡的响应认识不够深入,高频海平面变化对台地边缘礁滩沉积的高频层序和沉积演化的控制尚不明确。【研究方法】论文研究选取塔里木盆地塔中地区某钻井的上奥陶统良里塔格组连续取心资料,通过密集取样开展微相分析和碳、氧同位素测试分析。【研究结果】该井良里塔格组中上部发育7种微相类型,沉积演化分析表明良里塔格组沉积中—晚期,沉积环境由潮坪向生物礁-颗粒滩再到较深水的开阔台地演化。碳、氧同位素测试显示δ¹³C为0.5993‰~1.6228‰（均值1.139‰）,δ¹⁸O值为-8.3608‰~-5.1452‰（均值为-6.790‰）;δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O的振荡变化与微相变化和沉积旋回对应良好。古海洋条件分析表明,良里塔格组沉积时期气候温热,礁、滩体发育层段样品的古温度值最高,代表着高的碳酸盐产率;Z值所反映的古盐度在底部潮坪沉积段最高,在高频旋回的顶部古盐度均明显减小,指示可能存在大气淡水的影响。与塔北地区南缘和巴楚地区的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O存在一定差异,主要受控于沉积环境和古水深。【结论】良里塔格组中—上部存在至少3个完整的海平面升降变化周期,内部又包括至少2个次级周期;不同级别的海平面振荡主要受古气候变化驱动,并控制了高频层序的发育。海平面先缓慢上升再持续稳定或小规模振荡,是连续厚层的生物碎屑和砂屑颗粒滩沉积发育的有利条件;良里塔格组沉积晚期海平面快速上升,沉积环境向滩间洼地和较深水的开阔台地转变。在高频层序顶部海平面的小规模下降导致的早期岩溶作用是礁滩体储层质量改善的重要因素。     

若尔盖黄河唐克段河岸沉积序列测年及地表过程变化

通过对若尔盖盆地进行野外考察,在盆地中部黄河唐克段右岸发现了包含深湖相的河岸沉积物,进行了细致的地层观测和系统年代学样品采集。在实验室利用光释光和AMS¹⁴C测年技术建立了年代框架,并结合各个层次的地层沉积相宏观特征和理化性质,分析探讨了若尔盖盆地内部从末次冰期古湖消亡以来的环境和地表过程变化规律。研究结果表明：古黄河在37 ka沿着玛曲断陷谷地溯源侵蚀,沟通了若尔盖古湖水系,盆地内部在30.9 ka之前为深湖环境,稳定地沉积了蓝灰色湖相淤泥层。30.9 ka之后,黄河贯穿若尔盖湖盆内部,古湖水外泄消失,原有的古湖水系转变成为黄河源水系。黄河从湖盆上游远距离搬运携带来的浊黄橙色泥沙大量沉积,覆盖了古湖相沉积层,湖盆内部风沙作用盛行。在末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）,盆地内部松散沉积物普遍地受到冰缘冻融作用的改造,形成了冻融褶皱现象。到了14.6~12.5 ka,响应B/A（B?lling-Aller?d）时期的温暖气候,盆地周边山地冰川消融,冰融水汇入盆地,古湖盆底部各种浅洼地形成了大小不等的浅湖,沉积了滨浅湖相的沙层。在12.5~11.7 ka,对应于全球性新仙女木（Younger Dryas,YD）事件,盆地气候再次变冷,转变为冰缘冻土环境,盆地内部滨浅湖相的沙层受到冻融作用和古地震扰动,形成复式褶皱现象。进入全新世,在11.7~4.8 ka气候逐渐变得温暖湿润,古湖盆底部浅洼地积水成为淤泥质沼泽环境,在全新世中后期4.8~1.8 ka则转变成为沼泽草甸环境,在1.8 ka之后,盆地内沼泽面积收缩,风沙活动盛行,河岸台地的近源沙尘暴沉积物经过成壤改造形成亚高山草甸黑土类现代土壤。     

云南广南早泥盆世新发现文山鱼及相关地层问题讨论

迄今为止,纸厂文山鱼（Wenshanaspis zhichangensis Zhao,Zhu et Jia,2002）仅在文山古木地区发现唯一一件较为完整的头甲;笔者等通过全面系统的古生物化石调查,在云南文山广南珠街一带下泥盆统坡松冲组首次采获了一件较为完整的纸厂文山鱼化石标本,这一发现拓宽了纸厂文山鱼的分布范围,丰富了化石层段层序地层的研究,对早泥盆世古地理面貌恢复提供了有力的化石证据。通过与正型标本的对比,新发现一个连接眶上管与侧背管的椭圆形开孔,并对其功能作了分析讨论。     

晚第四纪下切河谷体系研究综述

下切河谷的研究不仅可以正确划分地层、确立年代地层格架、判定沉积环境演变、探讨海平面变化规律,对碳氢化合物勘探开发、地质工程等重大国民经济建设也有重要意义。本文介绍了下切河谷体系概念、特征、划分类型、研究历程和科学意义,着重论述了晚第四纪下切河谷的形成演化、层序地层格架和控制因素。晚第四纪下切河谷体系主要是海平面下降、河流向盆地扩展并侵蚀下伏地层的下切河流体系,在海平面上升时期被充填的长条状负向地形,以区域性的地层不整合面为底界。浪控型与潮控型下切河谷体系模式有许多不同之处：① 前者存在河口砂坝、中央盆地、湾顶三角洲,后者则没有这些沉积单元;② 前者浅海沉积较薄,后者较厚;③ 前者代表了贫砂的小河河口湾,由于泥砂量少,河口湾在最大海侵线附近,后者河流作用较强,泥砂量相对大,现代河口湾不断向海扩展,较下切河谷范围要大的多;④ 前者涉及溯源堆积在下切河谷充填中的作用,但对其强度估计不足。下切河谷体系的形成演化的影响因素众多,海平面变化、沉积物供应、沉积过程、下切河谷形态和气候变化等是主要控制因素。     

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Uraniferous Measures and Mineralization of the Sandstone-hosted Tamusu Large Uranium Deposit, North China

The Bayingobi basin is the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin in North China in which the Tamusu uranium deposit is located.The ore-target layer of the deposit is the Lower Cretaceous Bayingobi Formation,which developed as a fan deltashallow lacustrine deposit.The distributary channel sand body of the fan delta plain and the underwater distributary channel sand body of the fan delta front formed a favorable uranium reservoir,so the study of sequence stratigraphy is extremely important to understanding the genesis of uranium deposits.On the basis of field investigation and a large number of borehole logs,the high resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous is divided and the system tracts of different periods are established.The relationship between deposition,interlayer oxidation and uranium enrichment is discussed.The Lower Cretaceous Bayingobi Formation can be divided into two fourth-order sequences(Sq1 and Sq2).The lower member of the Bayingobi Formation is referred to as Sq1,which is composed of a falling-stage system tract(FSST)on top.On the other hand,the upper member of the Bayingobi Formation is referred to as Sq2,which is composed of a lowstand system tract(LST),transgressive system tract(TST)and highstand system tract(HST).The lowstand system tract forms a favorable stratigraphic structure(mud-sand-mud formation)with the lacustrine mudstone of the overlying transgressive system tract,that is conducive for the migration of uranium-bearing oxygen water.The organic matter and pyrite in the fan delta sand body,as well as the dark mudstone in the distributary bay,provided a reducing medium for uranium mineralization.The ore body mainly occurs in the distributary channel,underwater distributary channel or the mouth bar of the fan delta.As a result of the moderate thickness,high permeability,favorable barrier and rich reducing medium,the rich ore body mainly occurs in the underwater distributary channel and mouth bar sand body of the delta front.Based on study of the sequence stratigraphy,the model of the sequence,sedimentation and mineralization of the uranium deposit is established,which enriches uranium metallogenic theory and provides a reference for exploration of the same type of uranium deposits.     

长岭凹陷深层天然气藏中CO_2及CH_4充注次序的流体包裹体证据

对长岭凹陷深层天然气藏储层——营城组火山岩中发育的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,结果表明在火山岩发育的石英、方解石细网脉中均存在较多的碳质流体包裹体,单个包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明其主要为CO2及CH4两种类型的碳质包裹体。其中方解石细网脉体中发育有原生及次生CH4包裹体,而含CO2包裹体多以原生包裹体产于石英细网脉中。很多含CO2包裹体的石英细脉中发现了含CH4包裹体的方解石脉体的角砾,这就表明石英细脉形成晚于方解石细脉。营城组火山岩储层中CO2及CH4包裹体的产状特征研究表明,松辽盆地深层天然气藏的形成系火山岩成岩后CO2及CH4等气体不同期次充注的结果,CH4气的充注时间早于CO2气,火山岩中发育的原生孔隙及次生裂隙为上述气体的充注和聚集提供了重要通道。     

基于差异序列信息熵的降雨分区研究

充分挖掘降雨变量语法信息,利用基于差异序列信息熵测度理论的遗传算法聚类分析方法,对淮河流域蚌埠站以上区域99个雨量站进行了分区研究。根据各子区域内雨量站降雨序列差异测度得到最优分区,从而使得降雨信息在区域内具有较大的同质性。最后,以插值精度为标准,将不分区的情况为参照对象,对2、4、8三种分区结果进行校验,结果显示,相对于不分区,分区明显提升了降雨插值的精度。     

西藏厅宫斑岩铜矿床地质、蚀变及矿化特征研究

本文对西藏厅宫大型铜矿进行了详细研究,矿床详细的地质岩相学-蚀变以及典型剖面填图表明,矿区存在2个岩浆事件高峰,即始新世的钾长花岗岩(~50 Ma)和中新世的斑状二长花岗岩、英云闪长斑岩及闪长玢岩(约13~17 Ma)。野外和室内研究发现,厅宫矿区存在2期重要的矿化事件,即始新世(~50 Ma)铜矿化及中新世(~15Ma)的铜钼矿化。始新世含矿岩体为钾长花岗岩,其最主要的特点是其成矿岩体结构的特殊性,表现在该矿床的成矿岩体没有典型的斑状结构,而是独特的细晶-似伟晶结构,说明含矿岩浆发生过骤冷,可能是流体突然逃逸,矿物结晶的固相点发生漂移所致。同时,该岩体还发育大量显微文象结构、显微晶洞构造等,均说明岩浆曾经富水,并且曾经流体饱和;中新世含矿岩体为具有埃达克岩特征的斑状二长花岗岩,主要以脉状的铜、钼矿化为主。该矿床蚀变分带类似于冈底斯带其他斑岩矿床。时间上,分别为早期的钾硅酸盐化、转换阶段的青磐岩化、随后的绢英岩化及最晚期的泥化蚀变;空间上,以含矿岩体为中心向外依次为钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化,最晚期的泥化呈补丁状或条带状叠加早期各类蚀变。铜矿化主要发生在始新世的黑云母化阶段和中新世的绢英岩化阶段,而钼矿化主要发生在中新世的钾硅酸盐化和绢英岩化的转换阶段。     

涠西南凹陷涠洲10-3油田及围区流三段沉积相研究

为了促进涠西南凹陷涠洲10-3油田及围区流三段油藏的滚动勘探开发,开展了油区沉积相精细研究。利用岩芯、录井、测井和地震等资料,在识别不同级别层序界面和湖泛面的基础上,将涠洲10-3油田及围区流三段划分为2个长期基准面旋回和8个中期基准面旋回,建立了高分辨率层序地层对比格架。在岩芯描述基础上,进行单井沉积相、连井沉积相、平面沉积相分析,认为研究区流三段发育冲积扇、扇三角洲和湖泊3种沉积相,并系统划分了沉积微相类型。探讨了碎屑流沉积的相带归属,将发育在河道中的碎屑流沉积划分为河道型碎屑流沉积,将单独产出的碎屑流沉积根据沉积环境不同划分为水上非河道化碎屑流沉积和水下非河道化碎屑流沉积。最后对各中期基准面旋回的沉积相展布特征和演化规律进行了探讨,并建立了符合研究区的沉积相模式。