Subalpine koura,Paranephrops planifrons (Decapoda), in Tongariro National Park: Zoogeographic implications

Koura, Paranephrops planifrons, were found up to 1260 m a.s.l. in a subalpine area of Tonga‐riro National Park in May and July 1978. Their habitat is described briefly, and possible factors limiting the distribution and abundance of high altitude populations of freshwater crayfish are listed. It is suggested that all mountains may not necessarily form absolute zoogeographic barriers to koura; the kind of mountain and the ecological milieu may be more important.     

胜二区沙二段7砂组地层基准面旋回与沉积微相研究

应用油田开发区岩心、测井及地震等资料,对胜坨油田二区7砂组高分辨率层序发育特征以及不同级次基准面旋回内部沉积微相空间展布规律进行研究。研究表明,该区7砂组发育多级基准面旋回,包括1个长期基准面旋回、2个中期基准面旋回和9个短期基准面旋回,反映了可容空间与沉积物补给速率比值(A/S比值)在纵向上的多级变化发育模式,即在A/S比值总体向上变小的背景上,有多个次级A/S比值向上变小再变大的旋回。随着基准面的下降-波动-下降,沉积微相从7砂组底部的河口坝过度为地层中部的席状砂背景下残存的分流河道沉积,再到7砂组上部的河口坝沉积。A/S比值控制着研究区沉积微相的发育类型、展布模式。弄清楚研究区地层沉积特征与基准面旋回之间的关系对于精细储层表征和油田开发中后期井网调整具有重要指导意义。     

渤海湾埕岛东部古近系层序地层及沉积特征研究

由于埕岛东部古近系油藏主要受岩性控制,油藏隐蔽性强,而层序地层学是确定隐蔽油气藏有利勘探区的一种最好方法,因此在该区开展层序地层学研究非常关键。目前该区带勘探程度低,沉积相带、砂体面貌认识不明,为加强该区块勘探开发,在国内外学者研究的基础上,根据基准面旋回级次的划分,在渤海湾埕岛油田东部古近系较大规模的地层旋回中,识别出构造基准面旋回和长期基准面旋回,将主力层系古近系东营组长期旋回又进一步划分为4个中期基准面旋回,建立了古近系东营组高分辨率层序地层格架。通过研究得出,东营组内部不同的层序(中期旋回)及同一层序的不同部分,在研究区的分布具有不同的特征,其总体的分布均遵循沉积物的体积分配原理。东营组旋回在不同时期沉积体系有所不同,在基准面上升期主要发育较深水湖—浊积扇沉积体系,基准面下降早期发育扇三角洲体系,中期以辫状河三角洲体系为主,晚期则以低弯度河流—冲积平原相体系覆盖全区。以上研究对分析该区油气分布规律及控制因素、指导该区的油气勘探部署有积极意义。     

Continuity and facies heterogeneities of shallow carbonate ramp cycles (Sinemurian,Lower Jurassic,North‐east Spain)

The lateral continuity and facies heterogeneities of metre‐scale cycles in a greenhouse Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) carbonate ramp from the northern Iberian Basin (Spain) was evaluated from extensive field analysis carried out on a well‐exposed 12 km long outcrop. Eleven high‐frequency continuous cycles and their bounding surfaces are traceable laterally through the entire outcrop. However, three of these cycles are found to split laterally into discontinuous cycles of more limited distribution (up to 3 to 5 km of lateral extent). The continuous and discontinuous cycles have a similar field expression in one‐dimensional logs. As a consequence, the number of cycles that can be differentiated is variable along the logged sections (i.e. from 11 to 16). Cycles have variable facies heterogeneities and sedimentary trends depending on the environment of formation: shallowing‐upward and symmetrical cycles occur in protected lagoon–tidal flat areas and in the open‐marine, high‐energy domain. These cycles show significant facies heterogeneities, which were controlled mainly by lateral migration of a mosaic of facies over an irregular topography. Deepening‐upward and aggradational cycles are generated in low‐energy, sub wave‐base, open‐marine areas. Facies are laterally homogeneous, reflecting low potential for carbonate accumulation and inability to fill the created accommodation space in this low‐relief and relatively deep area. Cycle boundaries are generated by stages of rapid accommodation gain, involving the flooding of the carbonate ramp; they are more likely to originate from regional tectonic pulses (related to the extensional tectonics operating in the northern Iberian Basin) rather than greenhouse low‐amplitude eustacy. Discontinuous cycles tend to occur in thickened areas and are interpreted as originating from the infill of wedge‐shaped accommodation space resulting from differential subsidence (i.e. local tectonic pulses). In conclusion, where thickness variations occur in extensional settings lateral continuity of cycles should not be expected. In less well‐exposed, or in one‐dimensional sections and in wells, it would not be possible to distinguish continuous from discontinuous cycles, or to understand such two‐dimensional heterogeneities. Identification of unique cycle‐forming mechanisms or attempting cyclostratigraphic long‐distance correlation of cycles is unrealistic without a detailed analysis of the architecture of cycles in laterally continuous outcrops.     

反复冻融下黄土抗剪强度劣化的试验研究

以陕西杨凌黄土为研究对象,对不同初始含水率的重塑黄土进行了长期反复冻融循环,对经历不同冻融次数的试样进行了系列直剪试验.结果表明:在控制含水率不变的情况下,黄土的黏聚力和抗剪强度一般在3～5次冻融循环之后降到最低值,并趋于稳定;内摩擦角基本不变.探讨了长期冻融循环下黄土的强度劣化特性,采用插值法修正了含水率下降对强度的影响.由试验数据拟合出黄土抗剪强度和冻融循环次数之间的经验关系,推导出一种考虑冻融循环作用的黄土强度劣化模型.经试验验证,该模型可以较好描述黄土强度的劣化特性,为黄土工程力学性质的劣化研究提供了一种新的有效途径.     

Typical Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures Induced by Freeze/Thaw Cycles: A Case Study of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in the Northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau

With the objective of establishing a distinction between deformation structures caused by freeze/thaw cycles and those resulting from seismic activity, we studied three well–exposed alluvial deposits in a section at Dogai Coring, northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Deformation is present in the form of plastic structures(diapirs, folds and clastic dykes), brittle structures(micro–faults) and cryogenic wedges. These soft–sediment deformation features(except the micro–faults) are mainly characterized by meter–scale, non–interlayered, low–speed and low–pressure displacements within soft sediments, most commonly in the form of plastic deformation. Taking into account the geographic setting, lithology and deformation features, we interpret these soft–sediment deformation features as the products of freeze/thaw cycles, rather than of earthquake–induced shock waves, thus reflecting regional temperature changes and fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions in the uppermost sediments. The micro–faults(close to linear hot springs) are ascribed to regional fault activity; however, we were unable to identify the nature of the micro–faults, perhaps due to disturbance by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles. This study may serve as a guide to recognizing the differences between deformation structures attributed to freeze/thaw cycles and seismic processes.     

华南泥盆纪沉积演化及海水进退规程

根据湘黔桂地区泥盆纪沉积相带的时空展布和迁移规律,建立了华南泥盆纪完整的海平面变化曲线,识别出2个Ⅱ级海侵-海退(T-R)旋回和16个Ⅲ级旋回。湘桂海域和黔东南海域的T-R型式有明显差异,可能为不同沉积背景所致。早泥盆世的T-R型式与南西西伯利亚的较为相似,中、晚泥盆世的T-R型式则与欧美地区相似,反映了早泥盆世已受到古特提斯海的影响。     

中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)的主要进展及发展展望

基于微气象学理论的涡度相关通量观测技术实现了对生态系统尺度的生产力、能量平衡和温室气体交换等功能和过程的直接测定,特别是全球尺度通量塔观测网络的联合观测是实现从生态现象观察和生态要素观测跨越到全球尺度生态系统功能状态变化观测的重大突破。本文回顾了中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)的创建及发展历程,系统介绍了ChinaFLUX的科学目标和设计理念、观测技术体系、观测数据的标准化处理及长期积累;综合评述了ChinaFLUX在陆地生态系统碳—氮—水的收支评估和交换过程的环境响应、碳通量时空格局及其形成机制等方面所取得的主要研究进展。最后,在探讨未来全球尺度通量塔观测网络发展趋势的基础上,提出了ChinaFLUX的主要发展方向、关键科学问题与未来工作重点,为中国通量观测研究事业的进一步发展提供理论参考。     

ENSO循环的形成机制及其模拟与预测研究进展

本文回顾了关于ENSO循环产生的物理机制的研究进展情况。截止目前,在ENSO循环产生机制方面有许多不同的研究结果,每项研究都使用了不同的研究方法并集中讨论了ENSO循环的不同方面,由于模式中动力过程的不同,所得到的结果也是有差异的。最后,本文对ENSO循环的GCM模拟及其预测作了一些介绍。     

Petroleum Geology in Deepwater Settings in a Passive Continental Margin of a Marginal Sea: A Case Study from the South China Sea

Deepwater oil and gas exploration has become a global hotspot in recent years and the study of the deep waters of marginal seas is an important frontier research area.The South China Sea(SCS)is a typical marginal sea that includes Paleo SCS and New SCS tectonic cycles.The latter includes continental marginal rifting,intercontinental oceanic expansion and oceanic shrinking,which controlled the evolution of basins,and the generation,migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the deepwater basins on the continental margin of the northern SCS.In the Paleogene,the basins rifted along the margin of the continent and were filled mainly with sediments in marine-continental transitional environments.In the Neogene–Quaternary,due to thermal subsidence,neritic-abyssal facies sediments from the passive continental margin of the SCS mainly filled the basins.The source rocks include mainly Oligocene coal-bearing deltaic and marine mudstones,which were heated by multiple events with high geothermal temperature and terrestrial heat flow,resulting in the generation of gas and oil.The faults,diapirs and sandstones controlled the migration of hydrocarbons that accumulated principally in a large canyon channel,a continental deepwater fan,and a shelf-margin delta.