The Baltic Sea Experiment BALTEX: A brief overview and some selected results of the authors

The mechanisms responsible for the transfer of energy and water within the climate system are under worldwide investigation within the framework of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) to improve the predictability of natural and man-made climate changes at short and long ranges and their impact on water resources. Five continental-scale experiments have been established within GEWEX to enable a more complete coupling between atmospheric and hydrological models. One of them is the Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX).In this paper, the goals and structure of BALTEX are outlined. A short overview of measuring and modelling strategies is given. Atmospheric and hydrological model results of the authors only are presented. These include also the validation of precipitation using station measurements as well as validation of modelled cloud cover with cloud estimates from satellite data. Furthermore, results of a large-scale grid based hydrological model to be coupled to atmospheric models are presented.This research has never been possible without the contribution of research groups and operational institutions from all 10 member countries. We concentrate here on results obtained at the GKSS research center.     

塔里木盆地北部显生宙基准面升降运动规律与沉积演化

沉积基准面升降变化及其规律是各种地质因素综合作用的结果,又是控制地层发育和沉积作用的主导因素．地震剖面中上超点的迁移变化规律和测井资料中Ｍｉｌａｎｋｏｖｉｔｃｈ旋回分析是研究沉积基准面变化的有效方法．塔里木盆地北部显生宙沉积基准面变化曲线由１３个长周期构成,并可组合为６个一级周期．基准面变化在三叠纪以前与全球海平面变化有着良好的一致性,三叠纪及其以后可比性较差．与控制沉积作用的基准面变化周期相对应,塔里木盆地沉积地层分为６个一级巨层序,不同的巨层序有着不同的沉积充填演化特征     

Tectonic feedback and the earthquake cycle

The occurrence of cyclical instabilities along plate boundaries at regular intervals suggests that the process of earthquake causation differs in some respects from the model of elastic rebound in its simplest forms. The model of tectonic feedback modifies the concept of this original model in that it provides a physical interaction between the loading rate and the state of strain on the fault. Two examples are developed: (a) Central Chile, and (b) Mexico. The predictions of earthquake hazards for both types of models are compared.     

Confluence and intersection of interacting conjugate faults: A new concept based on analogue experiments

Examination of the interaction area of conjugate faults yields evidence of a yet unknown structural pattern. Analogue experiments revealed the evolution of this pattern during the interaction process. A fault propagating towards the highly active section of another conjugate fault becomes increasingly deflected towards the obtuse angle side of the conjugate system while approaching until joining it. During this process, the tip of the curved propagating fault retains its shear sense until immediately before joining with the highly active fault—a process called “confluence” in this report. Under constant remote stress, the deflected fault now becomes dominant. A fault branch splits off at the point where deflection commences, propagating straight ahead of the original direction, and may dissect the former master fault. Alternating activity at both of the faults finally produces the known intersection patterns. Further studies of the proposed concept on natural examples are recommended due to the close geometric similarity of the evolutionary structural stages and natural fault patterns.     

Development of carbonate platforms on an extensional (rifted) margin: the Valanginian–Albian record of the Prebetic of Alicante (SE Spain)

Within the upper Valanginian to upper Albian deposits of the easternmost part of the Prebetic Zone of the Betic Cordillera (Iberian Peninsula), seven lithostratigraphic formations made up of shallow-water carbonate and carbonate-siliciclastic sediments and of outer-platform hemipelagic sediments have been recognized. These formations were deposited in the most distal part of a platform that developed on the Southern Iberian Continental Palaeomargin. The geodynamic context was a margin affected by extensional or transtensional faults that produced tilted blocks. The interval studied records three major second-order transgressive-regressive facies cycles: (I) A late Valanginian to earliest Aptian cycle, mostly represented by hemipelagic and condensed sedimentation, with the development of a tectonically controlled high without sedimentation that separated two sectors with different sedimentary evolution and that ended with an episode of shallow-water carbonate platform development; (II) An earliest to latest Aptian cycle, with a transgressive phase represented by a retrogradational shallow-water carbonate platform capped by a drowning event leading to hemipelagic sedimentation, which was affected by an anoxic event (OAE 1a); the regressive phase is represented by progradation and aggradation of shallow-water carbonate deposits. Finally (III) a latest Aptian to early-late Albian cycle that records the expansion of mixed platform deposits in the entire area, ending with a phase of shallow-water carbonate platform development. Extensional tectonics leading to spatial and temporal changes in subsidence patterns is envisaged as the main control on sedimentation at a local scale, resulting in notable lateral changes in thickness as the main signature. Tectonics exerted a strong control on the distribution of sedimentary environments only during Cycle I. At a higher order, sea-level fluctuations are responsible for sequential organization, and environmental factors determined shallow-water carbonate platform development and demise, as well as oceanic anoxic events. The relevant continuity of the stratigraphic record in the distal part of the Prebetic platform has led to the recognition of events related to cycle boundaries, which result mainly from a combination of tectonics and sea-level changes.     

冻融循环对石灰处置粉质黏土静强度影响研究

以吉林－荒岗高速公路沿线的粉质黏土为研究对象,对不同石灰掺入比的土样试件进行0、2、4、6、8、10、12次冻融循环试验。通过室内静三轴试验,研究了冻融循环作用对石灰处置粉质黏土强度的影响。研究结果表明,石灰处置粉质黏土的应力-应变关系曲线呈应变软化型,峰值强度随围压增大而升高,粉质黏土峰值强度降低幅度值比石灰处置粉质黏土峰值强度降低幅度值大,经历4次冻融后应力-应变曲线峰值强度趋于稳定;冻融作用后石灰处置粉质黏土抗剪强度衰减率比粉质黏土的抗剪强度衰减率小,抗剪强度随围压的升高而增大;同一围压条件下石灰处置粉质黏土弹性模量随着冻融次数增加逐渐减小,经历4次冻融后基本趋于稳定。     

反复冻融条件下粉砂土动力学参数试验研究

在大量冻融试验和动三轴试验的基础上,深入研究和分析了经历多次冻融循环后粉砂土动模量和阻尼比的变化规律。研究结果表明：同一动应变水平下,动应力大小与冻融次数、含水率呈负相关性,而与围压、加载频率、压实度呈正相关性;粉砂土的动应力-动应变关系存在明显的非线性,且随动应变水平的提高,动模量成倍减小,而阻尼比则成倍增大;随冻融次数的增加,动模量降低而阻尼比则增大,且经历6次冻融后均趋于稳定,建议将6次冻融后的力学特性作为设计与计算指标;围压和压实度的提高有效增强了土颗粒之间的骨架作用,动模量随围压和压实度的增减而增减,阻尼比则随围压和压实度的增加而降低;含水率的变化对阻尼比的影响不大,而当土样达到饱和状态时,动模量成倍降低;加载频率对阻尼比的影响较大,并随频率的提高而迅速降低。     

冻融循环作用下花岗斑岩和灰岩物理力学性质对比分析及应用研究

以花岗斑岩和灰岩两种岩性岩石为代表,实验研究了冻融作用下,岩石的致密程度、孔隙率等物理指标对岩石物理力学性质的影响. 通过不同次数的冻融循环实验,对花岗斑岩和灰岩2种典型岩石样本的质量、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、冻融系数、风化程度的变化规律进行对比分析,并绘出了冻融次数与试样的抗压强度、抗拉强度、冻融系数的拟合关系曲线. 在一定限定条件下,将实验结果应用于西藏玉龙铜矿花岗斑岩、灰岩边坡的具体实例中,采用强度折减法计算出了矿山边坡冻融风化前、后的安全系数,对比分析了花岗斑岩、灰岩边坡受冻融风化的影响程度,为矿山的设计和施工提供了参考.     

放射性碳同位素在土壤碳循环中的应用

文中介绍了放射性碳同位素方法在土壤碳循环中的应用,分析了在土壤有机质、土壤CO2气体研究中的主要方法和模型,并指出土壤有机质的放射性测定可以研究较长时间尺度的碳循环(十几年、几十年至更长时间尺度),而土壤CO2气体的放射性测定可以研究短期(季节变化和年变化)内碳的动态。放射性碳同位素用于土壤中细根周转时间的计算、土地利用变化等方面的研究成果及方法也在文中分别作了介绍和分析。最后提出了国内研究应加强的领域和未来利用放射性碳同位素方法研究土壤碳循环的重点研究方向和发展趋势。