海相碳酸盐台地含钾层段旋回地层学响应和识别 ——以川中广安地区三叠系为例

识别海相碳酸盐岩台地深部的成盐聚钾层段,主要依靠测井解译和钻井取芯验证。连续沉积的碳酸盐岩台地具有旋 回性,记录着海相碳酸盐岩随古海平面旋回变化的信息。因此,利用测井数据模拟台地高频沉积旋回叠加样式,反演古海 平面旋回,寻找海退地层序列的低水位沉积体系,进而快速锁定成盐聚钾层段的方法值得探索。文中以四川盆地川中广安 地区三叠系为例,以等间距连续测量的自然伽马测井数据为对象,运用数值模拟技术,有效识别了三叠纪沉积时期的高频 沉积旋回,并根据高频沉积旋回的累积厚度偏差变化,反演了古海平面的变化趋势,判断广安地区嘉陵江组 5 段至雷口坡 组 1 段第 1 亚段沉积期,相对海平面长期处于较低水位,是最有利的成盐聚钾期,这与基于钻井岩芯划分的富钾层段极为吻 合,表明这种方法能够有效识别碳酸盐岩台地含钾层段。     

干湿循环下滑带土强度特性与微观结构试验研究

库区水位周期性波动,巨大的水位变幅使库岸滑坡滑带土处于干湿循环变化之中,而干湿循环作用影响土体的强度特性。基于此,以三峡库区某典型库岸滑坡滑带土体作为研究对象,对经历不同干湿循环次数的土样进行环剪试验、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）试验和核磁共振（NMR）试验,分析干湿循环作用下滑带土强度特性和微观结构变化规律,并初步探讨干湿循环对滑带土强度影响的微观机制。试验结果表明：干湿循环作用下,滑带土残余强度的劣化特性十分明显,且前3次干湿循环导致土体强度衰减幅度较大,之后衰减趋势减弱,土体强度逐渐趋于稳定,同时,黏聚力的劣化效应大于内摩擦角;随干湿循环次数的增加,以叠聚状、凝块状为主的团粒逐渐分散、解体,颗粒间连接由面?面接触逐渐向面?边、面?角接触演化,表现为土体内孔隙数量增多,土颗粒形态变化,粒间距离增加,微小孔隙逐渐向大孔隙演变;干湿循环作用下,滑带土内亲水性黏土矿物吸水膨胀、失水收缩而引发土颗粒、孔隙及胶结物等微结构变化是导致滑带土残余强度劣化的内在原因。     

冻融作用下岩石力-热-水耦合本构模型研究

在寒区隧道工程中,冻胀的水分迁移作用加剧了隧道围岩的冻融破坏。耦合水分迁移作用的岩石本构模型对防治冻融渗漏、崩塌等隧道围岩灾害有着重要意义。基于内状态变量理论,将冻胀过程中的水分迁移量作为本征变量引入Helmholtz自由能,在热力学框架下建立了一个岩石力-热-水耦合本构模型。模型描述了温度和水分迁移对冻融后岩石损伤阈值、等向强化饱和值、等向强化速率等力学参数的影响。模拟了岩石冻融后力学性质的劣化。区别于全量经验公式,本模型以增量形式给出,为复杂应力历史条件下的数值模拟提供了便利。通过将模型模拟曲线与冻融后岩石常规三轴压缩试验曲线进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,为实际寒区工程的冻胀破坏预测提供参考。     

冻融循环条件下片麻岩蠕变特性试验研究

为探讨寒冷地区隧道围岩的长期稳定性,选取吉林省辉白隧道中的片麻岩进行冻融循环条件下的三轴蠕变试验,分析了冻融循环作用对片麻岩蠕变特性的影响机制。试验结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加,片麻岩的蠕变变形量逐渐增加,而蠕变破坏应力、蠕变时长、长期强度均有明显降低的趋势。同时冻融循环温度的幅度对片麻岩的各蠕变参数也有一定影响,表现为冻融循环次数相同时,温度越低,岩样的初始瞬时蠕变越大,而蠕变时长与长期强度越小。同时基于试验结果,利用1stOpt优化软件对Burgers模型参数进行辨识,可得模型理论曲线与试验曲线在蠕变减速段和稳定段吻合较好。最后通过SEM扫描和能谱EDS分析了冻融循环对片麻岩微细观结构的影响机制。岩样在长期荷载作用下的破坏模式均为剪切破坏,随着冻融次数的增加,岩石的破裂程度越来越严重、破坏块度越来越小。研究结果为寒区岩石工程的支护设计和防冻害设计提供了参考和依据。     

Metre‐scale cycles in shallow water carbonate successions: Milankovitch and stochastic origins

Metre‐scale cycles are a common feature in Precambrian and Phanerozoic shallow water carbonate successions, and astronomically forced changes in sea‐level (Milankovitch cycles) may have been an important driver controlling their deposition. Nevertheless, the degree to which potentially low amplitude astronomically paced sea‐level oscillations may have controlled carbonate accumulation in deep time is unclear. In this study, a stochastic model of carbonate accumulation demonstrates how metre‐scale exposure‐bound sequences can be generated under conditions of random sea‐level change. These sequences have characteristic durations close to Milankovitch cycles, despite the absence of any astronomical control on their formation. Metre‐scale sequences with sub‐Milankovitch (millennial‐scale) durations can also be generated by the model, potentially shedding light on the origin of sub‐Milankovitch sequences such as those recorded on the Middle Triassic Latemar platform of Northern Italy. Sensitivity tests demonstrate how shallow water carbonates may be very sensitive to weak (i.e. low amplitude) astronomically forced sea‐level oscillations. Notably, strong statistical evidence (P < 0·01) for astronomical cycles can be preserved in modelled successions even when astronomical forcing contributes <1% of the sea‐level variance on million year timescales. Taken together, metre‐scale cycles with Milankovitch‐scale durations in ancient carbonate successions may reveal very little about the amplitude, or even the existence, of astronomical forcing as a sea‐level driver.     

EPS颗粒改良土作为寒区路基填料的抗冻性能研究

为研究EPS颗粒改良土作为寒区路基填料的抗冻性能,以冻胀率及割线模量为评测指标对改良土的抗冻性能进行了测试分析。通过冻胀率试验,获得了不同EPS颗粒掺量下冻胀率与冻融循环次数的关系。通过不同围压下的室内三轴试验,获得了改良前后土体割线模量随冻融循环次数增加的衰减规律,据此定义了无量纲单位残余割线模量比并建立了其与冻胀率的关系。结果表明：EPS颗粒的掺入对改良土的抗冻性能有明显的提升,有效地降低了改良土的冻胀率,随着EPS掺量增加,冻胀率逐渐减小,二者大致呈指数关系。冻胀率在冻融的初期发展较快,后期趋于平缓。改良后割线模量的衰减有大幅度的降低,割线模量随着冻融循环次数增加而逐渐减小,残余割线模量比与冻胀率之间近似呈二次抛物线关系。利用灰色理论可以对改良土割线模量的衰减规律进行预测,模型预测结果精度较高,可以作为路基工程冻害防治的参考。     

Do biological soil crusts determine vegetation changes in sandy deserts? Implications for managing artificial vegetation

Biological soil crusts (BSCs), which are widespread in arid and semiarid regions, such as sandy deserts, strongly influence terrestrial ecosystems. Once sand‐binding vegetation has been established on sand dunes, BSCs are colonized and gradually develop from cyanobacteria dominated crusts to lichen and moss dominated crusts on dune surfaces. We conducted this study to determine if the occurrence and development of BSCs in the Tengger Desert could be used to determine sand‐binding vegetation changes via altering soil moisture and water cycling using long‐term monitoring data and field experimental observation. BSCs changed the spatiotemporal pattern of soil moisture and re‐allocation by decreasing rainfall infiltration, increasing topsoil water‐holding capacity and altering evaporation. Changes in the soil moisture pattern induced shifting of sand‐binding vegetation from xerophytic shrub communities with higher coverage (35%) to complex communities dominated by shallow‐rooted herbaceous species with low shrub coverage (9%). These results imply that BSCs can be a major factor controlling floristic and structural changes in sand‐binding vegetation and suggest that the hydrological effects of BSCs must be considered when implementing large‐scale revegetation projects in sandy deserts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shore platform lowering due to frost shattering during the 2009 winter at mesnil Val,English channel coast,NW France

In 2008–2009, a severe cold snap affected the otherwise temperate mid‐latitude coasts of the English Channel of France. In March 2009, we gathered rock spalling observations at Mesnil Val, NW France, to document the effect of frost on platform lowering in macro‐tidal environments. Six epochs of frost were recorded in 2 months, the two longest lasted 16 and 8 days, with minimum air temperature dropping to –9.5°C. Semi‐diurnal tides flood the entire platform, imposing up to 25 freeze–thaw cycles below –2.5°C, the freezing temperature of seawater. 19 cycles occurred at neap tidal elevation lasting at most 3.5 h. Our integrated observations indicate that these frost cycles were responsible for a platform lowering of about 0.8±0.5 mm during a single winter. No clear spatial trend appears, nor do macroscopic chalk types clearly stand out as being more susceptible to erosion. Assuming that the long‐term platform retreat model preserves a constant slope, frost shattering would then account for 10 to 20% of the expected annual platform erosion rate. Under more contrasted climates, frost is thus likely to be a prominent shaping process for rocky coastal platforms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻融循环条件下岩石弹性模量变化规律研究

岩体冻融损伤机制为温度降低使岩体中的水发生相变、体积膨胀、产生冻胀力的作用,岩体中的微裂隙在冻胀力的作用下扩展延伸,温度升高时,融化的水进入新的裂隙,冻结成冰再次产生冻胀作用,反复循环使裂隙网络扩展,最终造成岩体的损伤。基于此,从弹塑性力学、断裂力学的角度出发,研究了在冻胀力的作用下单裂隙扩展特性,推导了冻胀力与裂纹扩展长度之间的关系,利用Mori-Tanaka方法建立了岩体宏观损伤量与冻胀力及冻融次数之间的关系式,讨论了岩体弹性模量与冻融次数、冻胀应力以及渗透系数的变化规律,并与试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,岩体在冻融循环条件下的弹性模量随冻融次数的增加呈非线性减小;冻胀应力越大,岩体弹性模量衰减越快;岩体的渗透系数越大,弹性模量衰减越慢。     

基于微裂隙变形与扩展的岩石冻融损伤本构模型研究

在冻融条件下岩石微裂隙中的水发生相变,体积膨胀,对微裂隙产生很大的冻胀力,当冻胀力超过岩石的抗拉强度时,微裂隙扩展。温度升高时,水又进入新的微裂隙,如此反复循环造成了岩石的损伤。据此,将岩石中的微裂隙等效为扁平状椭圆裂隙,基于断裂力学建立了单条微裂隙下裂隙扩展长度与冻胀力的关系,考虑岩石中微裂隙的分布,将岩石冻融条件下的应变分解为初始损伤应变、附加损伤应变和塑性应变,建立了弹塑性冻融损伤本构模型。最后,通过岩石冻融试验对该模型的合理性进行了验证,结果表明,该模型能够较好地模拟岩石在不同冻融次数下的应力-应变关系曲线。