海蜇养殖港塭微型浮游动物的摄食和生产力研究

通过对山东省靖海湾海蜇养殖港塭定期采样,采用稀释法研究该海蜇养殖港塭水体中浮游植物的生长率、微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率、摄食压力以及微型浮游动物的生产力。研究结果表明,海蜇养殖港塭微型浮游动物组成比较简单,海蜇养殖期间微型浮游动物丰度低于海蜇捕捞结束期。其中,海蜇养殖期间微型浮游动物的优势种为根状拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis radix),为600~2 600 ind/L,而海蜇捕捞结束后优势种为根状拟铃虫、诺氏麻铃虫(Leprotintinnus nordquisti)和运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis),丰度分别为3 000~6 000、1 500~3 0001、500~3 000 ind/L。研究期间,该港塭浮游植物生长率为0.05~1.03 d-1。微型浮游动物的摄食率为0.24~2.37 d-1,对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力为21.10%~90.61%,对潜在初级生产力的摄食压力为77.08%~583.68%,而微型浮游动物的次级生产力占初级生产力的22.92%~76.92%。本研究表明微型浮游动物在海蜇养殖港塭生态系统物质和能量流动中起着重要作用。     

环境因素对短角异剑水蚤摄食的影响

通过单因子实验,研究了短角异剑水蚤(Apocyclops royi)在不同温度、光照、pH 值、饵料密度以及单性条件下对盐生杜氏藻的滤水率(F)和滤食率(G),及其对3种常见饵料微藻(盐生杜氏藻、球等边金藻和海水小球藻)摄食的选择性,旨在为该物种的人工高效可控培养提供实验和技术基础.结果表明,实验温度范围内(20,25和30℃),短角异剑水蚤对盐生杜氏藻的滤水率和滤食率差异不显著,其中25℃时 F和 G 较高,分别为(0.049±0.014)mL/(个?h)和(1.393±0.369)×104个/(个?h);滤水率和滤食率随光照强度的增加而升高,光照强度为9800 lx 时 F 和 G 最高,分别为(0.053±0.012)mL/(个?h)和(1.295±0.303)×104个/(个?h); pH 值为9.0时,滤水率和滤食率显著高于其他实验组(7.0、8.0、10.0);滤水率随饵料密度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,滤食率随饵料密度的增大而升高;滤水率和滤食率存在性别差异,雌性的 F 和 G 均比雄性约高16%.实验的3种微藻中,球等鞭金藻的选择性指数最高.     

黑鲪半同胞家系选育的初步研究

为培育优良的黑鲪(Sebastes schlegeli)养殖新品种,作者于2005~2007年以采捕于荣成、日照、青岛和长岛的4个黑鲪野生地理群体及2006年荣成群体选育的F1代为亲本,采用杂交选育和半同胞家系选育的方法,从2009年到2011年成功构建了6个杂交群体和41个半同胞家系。采用比较分析和方差分析对其生长情况进行比较,结果表明:各个选育群体和半同胞家系间体重差异较大,体长变化较小。综合筛选获得2个优良杂交群体和10个优良半同胞家系:RCF1、WCF1为2009年最优杂交群体,CC2、QQ1、QC1、CC1为2010年最优半同胞家系,2RZ1、F27、F29、F28、F26、F23为2011年最优半同胞家系。当以种源(即杂交亲本)为单位时,RC、WC为2009年最优种源;QQ、CC为2010年最优种源;2RZ、F1为2011年最优种源。     

墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)选育系F7在广西北部湾海域的生长比较研究

本实验于2014年9月—2015年6月选用同一批次的墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7和对照系贝苗,在广西北部湾海域进行生长对比养殖实验。将出池稚贝在海上保苗过渡,长至10mm进入中培期,长至30mm进入养成期,再投放到广西北海、钦州、防城港3个养殖海域,采用网笼吊养方式养殖,对各时期的墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7和对照系的生长性能及在3个海域生长进行评估。结果表明,墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7的各生长指标都优于同日龄对照系(P0.05)。在北海海域,选育系和对照系的壳长、壳宽、壳高、体质量、软体质量、肉柱重等各生长指标具有显著差异(P0.05);在钦州海域,选育系和对照系的以上各生长指标都具有显著差异(P0.05),但233日龄除外;在防城港海域,232日龄的选育系和对照系的壳长、壳高差异显著(P0.05)。在150日龄,墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7的壳长、壳高表现为北海钦州防城港,墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7的壳宽、体质量、肉柱重表现为北海防城港钦州。水质测量结果显示,北海的盐度、温度、pH、溶解氧的变化最为稳定,钦州、防城港的水质变化较大。浮游植物统计分析结果表明,浮游植物藻属的种类从大到小依次为钦州北海防城港,而浮游植物数量从大到小依次为北海防城港钦州。墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7的生长性状明显高于对照系,以北海生长最为突出,具有明显的生长优势和发展潜力。研究结果为墨西哥湾扇贝选育系F_7在广西北部湾的推广养殖及进一步选育提供基础资料。     

Complex movement patterns by foraging loggerhead sea turtles outside the breeding season identified using Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System

We used Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System (Argos‐linked Fastloc‐GPS) satellite tags to investigate how loggerhead sea turtles use neritic foraging habitats at multiple scales. Out of 24 turtles, six individuals used more than one foraging site, with all sites being separated by >25 km. These six individuals used up to four sites, remaining at each site for a mean of 150 days and returning to the same site a minimum of 52 days later. The other 18 turtles remained in a single site. The area within sites was not used uniformly, with 15 out of 24 turtles exhibiting complex movement patterns within and amongst up to five focal patches, which were typically 0.1–5.0 km apart within a single site. Movements between sites and patches might sometimes have reflected overwintering behaviour; however, similar movement patterns occurred at multiple times of the year, suggesting other factors were also involved. Use of multiple sites and patches might be driven by differences in resource availability, such as food and/or night‐time refuges, competition, or exploratory movement to investigate or locate alternative patches. We confirmed competition via direct visual observations of aggressive interactions between individuals at one foraging patch. Our results illustrate the importance of standardizing data to the same number of locations per day and night to accurately delineate key areas used by turtles or for evidence‐based marine protected area planning.     

Photobehaviors ofthe calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus from the Yellow Sea to visible and UV-B radiation as a function of wavelength and intensity

The effects of wavelength-specific visible light, white light, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280- 315 nm) on selected behaviors, grazing rate, spawning rate, and hatching rate of the marine copepod Calanus sinicus collected from the Yellow Sea were studied. Calanus sinicus placed in a partitioned experimental system responded positively phototaxis to blue-cyan and yellow light but negatively to orange light and UVB. No obvious dodge activity was found among C. sinicus irradiated with <0.005 mW/cm^2 UV-B. Under 0.20, 0.30 and 0.50 mW/cm^2 UV-B radiation, the lethal half times of individuals were 30.47, 2.86, and 1.96 h, respectively. Grazing of C. sinicus was restrained at >0.10 mW/cm^2 UV-B, whereas yellow-red light stimulated grazing. Egg production rate was highest at a white-light intensity of 1.58 mW/cm^2, with an average rate of 10.04 eggs/(female·d). These results are consistent with the observed phenomenon that C. sinicus in the Yellow Sea mostly spawn near dawn. Our results indicate that light intensity and spectrum are important factors affecting the diel vertical migration of C. sinicus under natural conditions in the Yellow Sea.     

Selective feeding of bay scallop Argopecten irradians on phytoplankton community revealed by HPLC analysis of phytopigments in Bohai Sea,China

Understanding the feeding selectivity on phytoplankton by shellfi sh is currently a big challenge. In order to investigate the feeding behavior of bay scallop ( Argopecten irradians ) on phytoplankton, we compared its compositions of phytopigments in digestive glands with those in the surrounding seawater, and conducted fi ve consecutive investigations between July and November 2016 in a bay scallop culture area along coast of Qinghuangdao City, northwest of the Bohai Sea, China. Phytopigments in four-size fractionated phytoplankton of seawater (micro-(20-200 μm);nano(L)-[10-20 μm];nano(S)-[2.7-10 μm], and pico-[<2.7 μm]) and digestive glands of A . irradians were examined to investigate the selective feeding of A . irradians . Results show that fucoxanthin and peridinin constituted the major part of taxonomically diagnostic carotenoids (TDCs) in the micro- and nano(L)-phytoplankton in seawater. Compared with total phytoplankton biomass of seawater (TPB, sum of the four sizes), a substantial decrease of fucoxanthin proportion to total DCs in digestive glands was observed while that of peridinin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin and 19′-hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin showed an obvious increase when those pigments were mainly confi ned to micro-sized phytoplankton (20-200 μm). However, zeaxanthin and prasinoxanthin were mainly confi ned to nano(s)- and pico-phytoplankton, of which the proportions in digestive glands were usually lower in TPB. The contribution of lutein to total DCs in digestive glands (with an average of 7.23%) increased compared with TPB of seawater (with an average of 0.63%) during all fi ve sampling times.     

Supporting Mongolian pastoralists by using GIS to identify grazing limitations and opportunities from livestock census and remote sensing data

Since 1990, Mongolia has experienced a radical change away from centralized livestock production to more traditional rangeland management practices. As the herders now have increased access to the pastures, they need to be able to evaluate the sustainable level of exploitation of the rangeland. This paper demonstrates how pertinent information on the state of the rangeland resources can be made available to herdsmen by using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The focus is on the importance of having a sound data and information framework when assessing rangeland resources. The three main requirements are: first, knowledge of the production system; second, a natural resource inventory; and third, an assessment of the natural resource exploitation. Workshops held in the field brought together herdsmen, administrators, scientists and project personnel to identify and discuss issues of range management. From topographic maps, a digital elevation model was created using GIS, which together with a recent land-cover map elaborated from a SPOT satellite image made it possible to map the important areas suitable for winter grazing. The exact locations of the family winter settlements were recorded and linked to annual livestock statistics using GIS to identify the areas being grazed and to calculate the stocking rates by household. It was shown for the administrative unit of Arbayasgalan that the ratio of stocking rates to carrying capacity exceeded one, which indicates overstocking. However, the uneven distribution of grazing pressure over the study area enabled the proposal of actions to mitigate serious overgrazing. A discussion of range management practices was facilitated by providing the herdsmen with information on the extent and location of the problem. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

联合战役目标选择理论与方法研究

在分析高技术条件下联合作战特点的基础上 ,重点介绍了联合战役目标选择理论的形成与发展 ,并对各种目标选择方法进行了比较研究 ,提出了联合战役目标选择过程中主要考虑的因素。