南充地区北部山地资源的开发利用

本文通过分析南充北部红层低山丘陵的五个特点和以往开发利用中存在的三个问题,提出了以林为主,农牧结合,林农牧全面发展,是该区农业经济起飞的关键。     

河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其影响因素

河流系统是研究构造、气候和生态系统的重要载体，也是地貌学的重要研究内容之一。河流系统中河道沉积物运移深刻影响着地貌演化的进程，而沉积物粒度的沿程变化特征与趋势则可以揭示有关泥沙动力学的重要信息。目前，关于河道沉积物粒度存在沿程变化现象已有大量研究，但河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的具体机制尚存争议。此外，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的主要控制因素及其对河床演变的影响也尚未明确。本文总结了全球河流河道沉积物粒度沿程变化及其不确定因素的分布状况，并调查了磨蚀、水力选择性搬运及综合作用对沉积物粒度沿程细化的影响。结果表明，在沿程细化机制研究中，磨蚀作用过程的探析相对较少。磨蚀由研究区岩性决定，并且非耐磨性岩性颗粒会产生强烈的质量损耗。虽然磨蚀对河道沉积物沿程细化的影响有限，但在河道上游以劈裂和切削方式引起的磨蚀过程不能忽视。相较于磨蚀，水力选择性搬运或分选过程受到广泛关注，说明水力分选在自然界河流沉积物粒度沿程细化过程中发挥着重要作用。此外，也有部分研究探讨了河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的综合影响因素，并且发现由于有些因素干扰河床沉积物在沿程方向也会存在粗化现象。粗化一般发生在山区坡度较陡、河流源头崩积河段，而引起粗化的因素主要有支流的汇入、沉积物横向输入、高能泥石流以及冰川作用补给、人为河道改造和大坝修建等。现有的研究表明河道沉积物粒度沿程变化是一个复杂的过程，其变化特征受多时空因素的影响，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其与外界因素的关系有待进一步研究。因此，在后续的工作中，仍需要利用大量室内室外调查和分析，揭示不同时空尺度河道沉积物侵蚀搬运过程，深化对河流地貌演化及其驱动机制方面的研究。     

Plankton productivity and biomass in a tributary of the upper Chesapeake Bay. I. Importance of size-fractionated phytoplankton productivity,biomass and species composition in carbon export

Phytoplankton productivity, community composition and biomass were determined over a nine-month period in brackish waters of the lower Gunpowder River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. Primary productivity followed expected seasonal magnitudes for temperate estuaries with rates exceeding 142·4 mg C m^?3 h^?1 in July through September 1979 and minimum rates of 1·6 mg C m^?3 h^?1 in February 1980. Annual primary production was estimated at 45·5 gC m^?2. Cell numbers were highest in August, September and November with cyanophytes dominating the planktonic algae. Primary productivity, chlorophyll concentrations and cell densities were dominated by nanoplanktonic forms (< 10 μm) through-out the study. Phytoplankton carbon calculated from cells volumes exceeded nutritional requirements of the pelagic herbivores in all months suggesting a mean daily export (to the bay or sediments) of 1607 mg C m^?3 d^?1.     

SA取消前后GPS单点定位精度对比分析

根据单点定位的理论与方法，就SA政策取消前后，分别计算出单个历元的定位结果，描绘出误差曲线图，并对内符合精度与外符合精度分别加以比较分析。     

放牧和围封下霸王灌丛对土壤肥力的影响

对阿拉善退化荒漠草地恢复过程中霸王灌丛对土壤肥力的影响进行了研究。结果显示:(1)霸王灌丛对土壤的C、N、P有明显的富集,灌丛下的影响主要发生在0～10cm土层,而灌丛根部对10～20cm的土层也有影响。(2)放牧和围封显著影响着霸王灌丛根部和灌丛下的土壤肥力,土壤有机C、全N、全P均为围封6a>围封2a>自由放牧,pH值为围封6a<围封2a<自由放牧;放牧和围封也显著影响着灌丛根部和灌丛下的土壤养分富集率,土壤有机C、全N、全P的富集率均为围封6a>围封2a>自由放牧。(3)霸王灌丛生物量与灌丛根部、灌丛下土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量呈显著的正相关,与pH值呈显著的负相关,而与灌丛间地的土壤有机C、全N、全P和pH值没有明显的相关关系。     

P(AA-AM)/MMT预交联凝胶颗粒调剖技术

采用丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺在水溶液中二元共聚,并以钠基膨润土为无机添加剂,合成了抗温、抗盐性的预交联凝胶.最佳工艺条件如下:反应温度为40°C,反应时间为1 h,交联剂质量分数为0.07%,引发剂质量分数为0.1%,丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸的质量比为11∶2,丙烯酸中和度为80%,膨润土质量分数为7%.预交联凝胶在去离子水中的膨胀率达76 g/g,可抗温110°C,抗盐达150 g/L,在原油中浸泡15 d的收缩率为86%,堵水率大于90%,堵油率小于7%.该预交联凝胶具有良好的封堵选择性和调剖效果,可作为高温、高盐油水井的深部堵水调剖剂.     

Resistant biomacromolecules in marine microalgae of the classes Eustigmatophyceae and Chlorophyceae: Geochemical implications

Non-hydrolysable macromolecular constituents (i.e. algaenans) were isolated from two out of seven marine microalgae investigated. Nannochloropsis salina and Nannochloropsis sp. from the class of Eustigmatophyceae produce highly aliphatic algaenans. Flash pyrolysis and chemical degradations with HI and RuO₄ allowed for the identification of their chemical structure, which is mainly composed of polyether-linked long-chain (up to C₃₆) n-alkyl units. The building blocks of this polymer were also recognized in lipid fractions. The green microalgae (Chlorophyceae) Chlorella spaerckii, Chlorococcum sp. and Nannochloris sp. were earlier thought to biosynthesize algaenans comprising aliphatic and/or aromatic moieties. However, a new isolation method utilizing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) prior to the other hydrolyses revealed that the macromolecular material isolated from these three chlorophytes was either hydrolysable with TFA or artefacts from the former method. Similar to algaenans from fresh water green microalgae, the aliphatic eustigmatophyte algaenans are likely to be selectively preserved in depositional environments and might ultimately serve as source rock organic matter of marine crude oils. Furthermore, they may play an important role in the cycling of carbon.     

Surface runoff in a torrent catchment area in Middle Europe and its prevention

The Schesa, a sinister contributory torrent to the Ill river near Bludenz (federal province of Vorarlberg) is the largest basin-shaped gully of Middle Europe and endangers the underlying villages by torrential debris flow and gigantic mass movements. The catchment is characterized by a complex geological situation, high annual precipitation and torrential rains from spring to early autumn, which cause enormous amounts of surface runoff. Based on field investigations comprising rain simulation experiments on representative plots, investigations on land-use, vegetation cover, soil physical characteristics, geology, hydrogeology and other features of the catchment area, surface runoff coefficient maps were developed. They formed the basis for assessment of runoff potential for different scenarios in vegetation cover and land-use intensity. Calculation of runoff for the recurrent design event by use of an improved run-time method showed the urgent necessity of runoff reduction measures in large parts of the catchment area above the gully. Based on the modelling results a concept for reduction of both, surface runoff and amount of deep percolating water has been elaborated.     

官地银金矿中锰的化学物相分析

根据官地银金矿中锰矿物的共生组合情况，引用Al（NO3）3溶液作碳酸锰矿物的选择性溶剂，H2SO4-KF-HF混合溶液作水锰矿、褐锰矿的选择性溶剂，于滤渣中测定软锰矿（包括少量硅酸锰矿物）。实验表明，所引方法适用于官地银金矿区锰矿物的相态分离，所得结果与外检结果一致，满足了矿床划带的实际需要。     

Determining hydraulic resistance in gravel‐bed rivers from the dynamics of their water surfaces

Traditionally, approaches to account for the effect of the boundary roughness of a gravel‐bed river have used a grain‐size index of the bed surface as a surrogate for hydraulic resistance. The use of a single grain‐size does not take into account the spatial heterogeneity in the bed surface and how this heterogeneity imparts resistance on the flow, nor the way in which this relationship changes with variables such as flow stage. A new technique to remotely quantify hydraulic resistance is proposed. It is based on measuring the dynamics of a river's water surface and relating this to the actual hydraulic resistance created by a rough sediment boundary. The water surface dynamics are measured using a new acoustic technique, grazing angle sound propagation (GRASP). This proposed method to measure hydraulic resistance is based on a greater degree of physical reasoning, and this is discussed in the letter. By measuring acoustically the temporal dynamics of turbulent water surfaces over a water‐worked gravel bed in a laboratory flume, a dependency is demonstrated between the temporal variation in the reflected acoustic pressure and measured hydraulic resistance. It is shown that the standard deviation in acoustic pressure decreases with increasing hydraulic resistance. This is shown to apply for a range of relative submergences and bed slopes that are typical of gravel‐bed rivers. This remote sensing technique is both rapid and inexpensive, and has the potential to be applied to natural river channels and to other environmental turbulent flows, such as overland flows. A whole new class of low‐cost, remote and non‐intrusive instruments could be developed as a result and used in a wide range of hydraulic and hydrological applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.