模拟酸雨对土壤有效磷衰减的影响

采用pH3．0和pH4．5的2种模拟酸雨与对照pH6．0的雨水， 湿润培育加磷后的土壤（2种红壤和1种水稻土）。试验结果表明，土壤中的有效磷的衰减在快反应阶段呈直线下降，而在慢反应阶段缓慢下降。快反应阶段持续时间约3－6h，随模拟降雨的p H值不同而不同，pH值愈低，持续时间愈短。与对照相比，模拟酸雨对有效磷衰减产生较大影响，模拟酸雨pH值愈低，有效磷衰减得愈快，尤其在快反应阶段影响更为明显；在慢反应阶段，随着时间的延续，影响逐渐变小。模拟酸雨对有效磷衰减的影响因土壤类型不同而不同，表现为红壤大于水稻土。酸雨加快土 壤有效磷的衰减，其主要原因是酸雨作用导致活性铝的大量释放，增加了磷的活性吸附点位，从而增加了对磷酸根离子配位吸附。     

华南暴雨试验期间香港风廓线雷达资料的评估

风廓线雷达资料无论对暴雨等中尺度现象还是对季风等大尺度现象的研究都很有科学价值。为有效地利用香港天文台提供的1998年华南暴雨和南海季风科学试验期间的风廓线资料，简要介绍了资料的性质和数据结构，并对资料的有效性进行了初步评估。给出了风廓线资料有效率随高度的分布及不同天气状况对资料有效率的影响。指出每10分钟一次的资料的有效率在相邻时次之间存在很大的差别，应使用多时次平均以增强其代表性。另外，通过了一致性检验的有效资料中仍可能存在少数代表性较差的资料。风廓线资料与探空资料对比发现两者所得的垂直风场精度相当。上述结果可作为应用风廓线雷达资料时的参考。     

Methodology for estimating availability of cloud-free image composites: A case study for southern Canada

Image composites are often used for earth surface phenomena studies at regional or national level. The compromise between residual clouds and the length of compositing period is a necessary corollary to the choice of satellite optical data for monitoring earth surface phenomena dynamics. This paper introduced a methodology for estimating availability of cloud-free image composites for optical sensors with various revisiting intervals, using MODIS MOD06 L2 cloud fraction product in the period of 2000–2008. The methodology starts with downscaling of the cloud fraction product to 1 km × 1 km cloud cover binary images. The binary images are then used for the exploration of spatial and temporal characteristics of cloud dynamics, and subsequently for the simulation of cloud-free composite availability with various revisiting intervals of optical sensors. Using Canada's southern provinces as an application case, the study explored several factors important for the design of environmental monitoring system using optical sensors of earth observation, in particular, cloud dynamics and its inter-annual variability, sensors’ revisiting intervals, and cloud-free threshold for targeting composites. While the cloud images used in the analysis are at 1 km × 1 km resolution, our analysis suggests that the simulated availabilities of cloud-free image composites may also provide reasonable estimates for optical sensors with higher than 1 km × 1 km resolution, though the closer to 1 km × 1 km resolution the optical sensor, the more pertinent the application. Also, the methodology can be parameterised to different temporal period and different spatial region, depending on applications.     

森林择伐研究进展

山地森林采伐应注重经济效益与生态效益的有机结合已成为共识。择伐能充分发挥每棵树木生长潜力,最大限度利用林地生产力,增加林分组成和结构的多样性,提高森林的抗病能力,有利于营养物质的合理循环,减小森林的破碎化程度,提高森林的防护效能,形成和谐的景观。择伐由于符合森林的自然演替规律和自然作业法则,因而越来越受到森林生态学家、生物学家、林学家和森林采伐学家的高度重视。针对国内外森林择伐研究新进展及其存在的问题,进一步探索适合我国森林择伐的理论和作业技术,指出我国今后森林择伐研究的对策及前景。     

火山岩储层斜长石选择性溶蚀的岩石学及热力学研究

长石溶孔是火山岩中重要的孔隙类型之一,火山岩的主要孔隙类型中长石溶孔所占的比例在1.24%～60.61％之间,在储层中占有重要地位。从岩相学、岩石化学CIPW标准矿物成分、热力学等方面论证了斜长石的选择性溶蚀。岩相学特征表现出斜长石选择性溶蚀的特征,即钙长石溶蚀时钠长石没有溶蚀,同时出现斜长石选择性溶蚀时钠长石和钾长石生长的现象。斜长石选择性溶蚀得到了CIPW标准矿物成分的支持,在CIPW标准矿物成分中长石的端元组分主要为钠长石和钾长石,而钙长石绝大多数为0或接近0。热力学研究表明,在同样的温度、压力和地层水成分的条件下,在斜长石中优先溶解钙长石组分。当地层水中Na+和K+浓度达到饱和时发生钠长石和钾长石沉淀,出现斜长石选择性溶蚀的同时发生钠长石和钾长石生长的现象。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)EST串联重复序列的组成和分布

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)串联重复序列分析研究较少,为了研究其在基因组转录本的基本结构特征并为长牡蛎中遗传多样性研究中提供有益的信息,利用NCBI公共数据库中的57 139条长牡蛎ESTs序列对串联重复序列结构类型、分布、丰度等进行系统比较分析.分析结果表明:1)长牡蛎EST中共有小卫星串联重复序列8...     

Causes of variation in crystal morphology in metamorphogenic pyrite deposits of the Cameros Basin (N Spain)

The low‐grade metasediments of the Cameros Basin, northern Spain, host a number of deposits of spectacular quality pyrite mineralization. These formed during regional metamorphism and the pyrite crystals exhibit a wide range of morphologies. On the basis of pyrite crystal habit, the deposits can be classified into two groups: Group I comprises deposits with cubic, elongated or platy crystals; Group II comprises deposits characterized by pyritohedra and cubo‐pyritohedra with striated faces, along with blocky crystals and fine‐grained aggregates. Group I deposits are formed in sequences dominated by meandriform fluviatile sediments, while Group II is hosted by deltaic plain and lacustrine metasediments. Temperature differences between deposits and As content are possible causes of the different pyrite morphologies in the deposits, but no significant variation exists between the two groups for either factor. Comparison with experimentally grown pyrite crystals suggests that Group I deposits have morphologies indicative of lower degrees of pyrite supersaturation than pyrite crystals in Group II deposits. The sedimentary facies hosting Group II deposits provides a greater availability of sedimentary sulphur (pyrite and sulphates). Moreover, reactions involving sulphate during metamorphism may have modified fluid chemistry, which would also act to produce higher degrees of pyrite saturation in fluids derived from the sulphate‐rich deltaic plain and lacustrine metasediments hosting the Group II deposits. This hypothesis is confirmed by sulphur isotope data on the pyrites, which show a larger component of³⁴S‐enriched sulphate‐derived sulphur in these deposits. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.