Characterisation of sphalerite and pyrite flotation samples by XPS and ToF-SIMS

The surface analytical techniques of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) have provided information on the type and concentration of species on the surface of sphalerite and pyrite particles in flotation concentrate and tail samples, but also on their distribution on each particle and across particles of different sizes. From this surface analytical study, a more accurate interpretation of the flotation results of sphalerite and pyrite minerals in a mixed mineral system could be made as a function of the concentrations of copper sulphate activator and xanthate collector, and particle size. In particular, it was found that sphalerite particles reporting to the concentrate are larger in size and contain less iron hydroxide on their surface than particles reporting to the tail. As for the pyrite particles, their lower recovery than the sphalerite particles is the result of a larger proportion of iron hydroxide on their surface inhibiting copper and collector adsorption.     

Changes in carbon and nutrient fluxes from headwaters to ocean in a mountainous temperate to subtropical basin

Water erosion provides major links in global cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Although significant research on erosion mechanisms has been done, there is still little knowledge on C, N and P fluxes across landscapes to the ocean and their controlling factors in subtropical climates. A four‐year study quantifying and comparing particulate and dissolved C, N and P from multiple scales (microplot, plot, microcatchment, subcatchment, catchment, sub‐basin and basin) was performed in Thukela basin (≈30 000 km²), South Africa. The basin climate was largely subtropical‐humid [mean annual precipitation (MAP) > 980 mm yr^‐1], but temperate (MAP >2000 mm yr^‐1) on the highlands. Open grassland, cropland and bushland were the major land uses. On average, 65, 24 and 4 g m^‐2 yr^‐1 C, N and P were displaced from original topsoil positions, but only 0.33, 0.005 and 0.002 mg m^‐2 yr^‐1 were, respectively, exported to the ocean. The fluxes decreased by 95, 97 and 84%, respectively, from plot to microcatchment outlet; and decreased further in downstream direction by >99% from microcatchment to basin outlet. The hillslope (microplot to microcatchment) fluxes correlated strongly with rainfall parameters. Particulate contributions dominated hillslope fluxes at 73, 81 and 76% of total annual C, N and P, respectively. Although particulate C dominated in the microcatchment‐catchment reach (55%), N (54%) and P (69%) were dominated by dissolved forms. The lower basin zone was dominated by dissolved flux contributions at 93, 81 and 78% for C, N and P for the sub‐basin outlet. These results suggested spatially varying drivers of C, N and P losses from the landscape to the ocean, via the river network. Deposition was envisaged the dominant hillslope level loss process, which gradually gave way to mineralization and biotic uptake in the river network as flux contributions shifted from being predominantly particulate to dissolved forms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

野生型与红色型坛紫菜杂交嵌合体及选育的研究

以坛紫菜Porphyra haitanensis的红色型为父本,野生型为母本进行杂交,获得了不同色泽嵌合和不同嵌合方式的突变体;从中挑选出4株典型的嵌合体进行单株培养,并通过体细胞酶解,获得完整的单色突变体,然后对这些藻体进行生长发育和经济性状的比较,其结果如下:(1)杂交嵌合体的类型:红色和绿色嵌合、红色和褐黄色嵌合、翠绿色和野生色嵌合、红色和橘黄色嵌合;(2)嵌合的方式:斑点状嵌合、条状嵌合、线状嵌合、"V"字型嵌合和片状嵌合等;(3)各单色突变体的生长差异显著,红色突变体的藻体长度和鲜重增长较快,3~4 cm的幼苗在实验室培养11~15 d,日增长量为8.5~9.6 cm/d,日增重(鲜重)为0.120~0.128 g/d,明显高于其他突变体,具有较好的杂交优势和生产应用前景;(4)在高温26~31℃培养各单色突变体,耐高温能力较强的是红色突变体和绿色突变体,两者在29℃时培养10 d和30℃时培养6~7 d时,叶片出现点状腐烂,但整株藻体仍完整;褐绿色突变体和传统栽培对照组的藻体对高温的耐受能力较差,在26℃培养6 d以上就完全腐烂.以上研究结果可为坛紫菜杂交嵌合体生物学研究以及杂交优势品系的选育提供科学参考.     

选择性压盖技术在纸质海图生产中的应用

利用数字海图数据直接出版纸质海图是提高纸制图生产效率的重要手段,但由于数字海图与纸质海图在编制原则和表现规范上的差异造成由数字图生产纸质图时,需要大量的手工修编,从而增加了工作量,延长了成图周期。采用一种新的制图理念,利用ArcInfo的选择性压盖技术,制作纸质图符号库,选择正确符号化顺序,从而实现纸质海图生产与数字海图生产同步,减少重复劳动,缩短成图周期,提高了工作效率。     

马氏珠母贝选育子一代生长特性研究

通过选择培育获得马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii大亚湾养殖群体选育子一代(DDS),以大亚湾养殖群体为对照(DDC),在相同条件下进行养殖,对其生长性状进行了约1年的跟踪测量,运用t检验对2个组别主要性状进行了比较。分析表明,经过一代的选育,DDS在壳长、高、宽和总重上均大于DDC,存活率提高9.18%,除壳长在2个时期(2003年12月,2004年2月)差异不显著外(p>0.05),DDC/DDS2个组别其他性状在7个生长时期均具有显著差异(p<0.05)。该研究为进一步通过选择育种培育马氏珠母贝优良品种奠定了基础。     

NaCl型油田水中I^-的离子选择电极法测定

采用了NaCl溶液为离子强度调节剂(TISAB),离子选择电极法测定NaCl型油田水中I-离子的含量,并对该方法进行了测定条件实验的研究。标准曲线在7.94×10-6～1.00 mol/L范围内呈良好的线形关系,相关系数R2=0.999 5,平均回收率为98.9%,RSD(n=6)=1.0%,实验结果表明,该方法测定NaCl型油田水中的I-简便、快速、准确。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮小尺度分异的环境特征

古尔班通古特沙漠广泛存在的生物结皮,对地貌部位有极强的选择性分布,其实质是生物对环境条件综合适应的一种生态表现。2002年3~11月在个体沙丘表面初步开展了生物结皮类型小尺度环境分异规律研究。结果表明:苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和藻类结皮依次分布于垄间、沙垄两坡中部和坡上部,从垄间往垄顶,生物结皮盖度逐渐减小,厚度变薄,抗压性减弱。苔藓结皮分布区的物质组成以细沙和极细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在5%以上,短命植物广泛发育,基质稳定;坡中部的地衣结皮分布区以细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在4%左右,短命植物亦有广泛分布,地表受风沙活动影响较小;沙垄上部和顶部的藻类结皮分布区,是沙垄表面活动性最强和土壤水分最差的区域,物质组成以中沙为主,高等植物中白梭梭为优势种,可见藻结皮是三类结皮中最能适应恶劣环境的生物结皮类型。     

自然水体采集的生物膜上铁、锰氧化物的萃取分离

采用选择性萃取分离技术对自然水体采集的生物膜上铁、锰氧化物进行萃取分离研究,考察该技术的适用性。参考人工培养生物膜的萃取方法,分别用NH₂OH·HCl和Na₂S₂O₄为萃取剂选择性萃取生物膜上的锰氧化物和铁、锰氧化物。实验中分别依次只改变萃取剂浓度、萃取液酸度或萃取时间,保持其它两个因素不变,分别考察这三个因素对萃取效果的影响,从中选出对铁、锰氧化物萃取率高而对有机质影响小的条件为最佳条件。用选定的最佳条件对不同时间和地点采集的生物膜进行萃取,发现对目的组分的萃取率可达70.8%~94.6%,而对非目的组分的影响很小（3.3%~11.0%）,满足萃取分离的要求。这说明选择性萃取技术可以广泛应用于自然水体采集的生物膜上铁、锰氧化物的萃取分离。     

敦煌某地铁矿中磁性铁的化学物相分析

本文选用HAC—H_2O_2和HCl—NaHCO_3作为选择性溶剂,对敦煌某地铁矿中磁性铁的化学物相分析进行了研究,将磁性铁物相从传统1项细化为3项,测定了磁性铁相态中磁黄铁矿、假象赤铁矿、磁铁中铁的含量。使用国家标准物质GBW07272对方法进行了评价,分析结果与标准值或参考值吻合良好(RE为0.28%~4.75%,RSD为0.13%~5.59%)。方法简单、准确。     

盐酸及乙酸介质中的碳酸盐岩溶蚀表面特征及机理——以南堡凹陷为例

为了研究酸性条件下碳酸盐岩的溶蚀表面特征及机理,以南堡凹陷及周边凸起区10个典型碳酸盐岩样品为研究对象,进行乙酸和盐酸溶液的溶解实验,并通过扫描电镜观察样品的溶蚀特征。结果显示,岩石结构和矿物成分的选择性溶蚀,是碳酸盐岩溶蚀过程中的主要作用形式;方解石和白云石均存在特有的溶蚀现象,即"溶蚀晶锥"方解石和"蜂窝状"白云石,为晶体选择性溶蚀的产物;表生条件下,灰岩中少量白云石的加入能够增加方解石的溶解度,白云石的含量上限为13%,超过该界限,随白云石含量的增加,溶蚀作用减弱。