煤田三维地震勘探技术在河流及河漫滩地区的应用

山西高河井田属海河水系长治盆地水文区,主要河流为纵贯全区的浊漳河,自西南流入区内。勘探区内地形地质条件复杂,河流及河漫滩面积大,为克服三维地震勘探存在的诸如检波线的铺设、检波器藕合、激发层位选择等难题,主要采取了陆上检波器挖坑埋置（黄土地段坑深20cm,沙滩地段坑深40cm）、水上检波器用木桩固定等措施,并采用陆上井中放炮、砾石层坑炮、河水中水下放炮相结合的激发方式。为防止井喷和声波产生的高频随机干扰,采取浅井井口压沙袋技术。通过处理解释,获得了较为精确的断层、陷落柱等地质信息,为矿方安全生产提供了可靠的地质保障。     

Dynamic interaction of bridge–train system under non‐uniform seismic ground motion

The probability that an earthquake occurs when a train is running over a bridge in earthquake‐prone regions is much higher than before, for high‐speed railway lines are rapidly developed to connect major cities worldwide. This paper presents a finite element method‐based framework for dynamic analysis of coupled bridge–train systems under non‐uniform seismic ground motion, in which rail–wheel interactions and possible separations between wheels and rails are taken into consideration. The governing equations of motion of the coupled bridge–train system are established in an absolute coordinate system. Without considering the decomposition of seismic responses into pseudo‐static and inertia‐dynamic components, the equations of motion of the coupled system are formed in terms of displacement seismic ground motions. The mode superposition method is applied to the bridge structure to make the problem manageable while the Newmark‐β method with an iterative computation scheme is used to find the best solution for the problem concerned. Eight high‐speed trains running over a multi‐span steel truss‐arch bridge subject to earthquakes are taken as a case study. The results from the case study demonstrate that the spatial variation of seismic ground motion affects dynamic responses of the bridge–train system. The ignorance of pseudo‐static component when using acceleration seismic ground motions as input may underestimate seismic responses of the bridge–train system. The probability of separation between wheels and rails becomes higher with increasing train speed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乌兰浩特地震台典型地震事件震相特征分析

选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征。结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的M_S震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件。     

Seismic Zoning of Croatia

The territory of Croatia and neighboring regions is divided into 17 seismic source zones, considering available seismological and geological data. On this basis, seismic hazard elements (seismicity rate, maximum magnitude, b-value, probabilities of exceedance and return periods for a predefined set of magnitudes) are computed using the maximum likelihood method appropriate for treating data-sets with variable completeness thresholds. The values of long term expected peak horizontal acceleration obtained by using a combination of the deterministic and the probabilistic procedure are the highest in the Dubrovnik zone, while the Zagreb zone has the highest earthquake hazard in the continental part of the country. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

开封断裂第四纪活动特征

开封断裂是郑州-开封断裂带的重要组成部分,也是黄河中下游平原的一条重要控制性断裂。利用浅层地震勘探发现,开封断裂为总体走向EW,倾向N的正断层;断裂分为东、西2支,断裂活动性具有明显的分段特征,东支活动性较西支强。钻孔联合剖面揭示开封断裂东支断裂上断点埋深27～35 m,根据地层年代学结果,其最新活动时间为晚更新世。研究成果为开封市城乡规划、重大工程选址和地震区划工作提供了重要的基础数据。     

Paleoearthquakes in the Uimon basin (Gorny Altai)

Paleoseismological studies confirm that the Uimon basin is thrust by its northern mountain border along the active South Terekta fault. The latest motion along the fault in the 7-8th centuries AD induced an earthquake with a magnitude of M_w= 7.4-7.7 and a shaking intensity of I = 9-11 on the MSK-64 scale. The same fault generated another event (M > 7, I = 9-10), possibly, about 16 kyr ago, which triggered gravity sliding. The rockslide dammed the Uimon valley and produced a lake, where lacustrine deposition began about 14 ± 1 kyr ago, and a later M > 7 (I = 9-10) earthquake at ~ 6 ka caused the dam collapse and the lake drainage. Traces of much older earthquakes that occurred within the Uimon basin are detectable from secondary deformation structures (seismites) in soft sediments deposited during the drainage of a Late Pleistocene ice-dammed lake between 100 and 90 ka and in ~ 77 ka alluvium. The magnitude and intensity of these paleoearthquakes were at least M > 5.0-5.5 and I > 6-7.     

Damage response of multistorey r/c buildings with different structural systems subjected to seismic motion of arbitrary orientation

In the present study the combined influence of seismic orientation and a number of parameters characterizing the structural system of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) buildings on the level of expected damages are examined. For the purposes of the above investigation eight medium‐rise buildings are designed on the basis of the current seismic codes. The structural characteristics examined are the ratio of the base shear received by the structural walls, the ratio of horizontal stiffness in two orthogonal directions and the structural eccentricity. Then, the buildings are analyzed by nonlinear time response analysis using 100 bidirectional earthquake ground motions. The two horizontal accelerograms of each ground motion are applied along horizontal orthogonal axes, forming 72 different angles with the structural axes. The structural damage is expressed in terms of the Park and Ang damage index. The results of the analyses revealed that the damage level of the buildings is strongly affected by the incident angle of the ground motion. The extent at which the orientation of the seismic records influences the damage response depends on the structural system and the distance of the record to the fault rupture. As a consequence, the common practice of applying the earthquake records along the structural axes can lead to significant underestimation of structural damage. Also, it was shown that the structural eccentricity can significantly differentiate the seismic damage level, as well as the impact of the earthquake orientation on the structural damage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐variable relations for soil effects on seismic ground motion

Soil effects on peak ground acceleration, velocity and elastic response spectra (5% damping) are expressed by simple approximate relations in terms of five key parameters: (a) the fundamental vibration period of the non‐linear soil, T_S, (b) the period of a bedrock site of equal thickness, T_b, (c) the predominant excitation period, Te, (d) the peak seismic acceleration at outcropping bedrock, a, and (e) the number of significant excitation cycles, n. Furthermore, another relation is proposed for the estimation of T_S in terms of the soil thickness H, the average shear wave velocity of the soil V?_S,o and a. The aforementioned parameters were first identified through a simplified analytical simulation of the site excitation. The multivariable approximate relations were then formulated via a statistical analysis of relevant data from more than 700 one‐dimensional equivalent‐linear seismic ground response analyses, for actual seismic excitations and natural soil conditions. Use of these relations to back‐calculate the numerical results in the database gives an estimate of their error margin, which is found to be relatively small and unbiased. The proposed relations are also independently verified through a detailed comparison with strong motion recordings from seven well‐documented case studies: (a) two sites in the San Fernando valley during the Northridge earthquake, and (b) five different seismic events recorded at the SMART‐1 accelerometer array in Taiwan. It is deduced that the accuracy of the relations is comparable to that of the equivalent‐linear method. Hence, they can be readily used as a quick alternative for routine applications, as well as for spreadsheet computations (e.g. GIS‐aided seismic microzonation studies) where numerical methods are cumbersome to implement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震反演技术在煤田勘探中的应用探讨

煤炭企业对地质安全保障的期望越来越高,特别是对查清煤层赋存形态、构造、煤层厚度、煤层顶底板条件、岩浆岩侵蚀范围等方面的要求已远超规范。以岩心、测井为约束条件的波阻抗反演,可有效提高目标地质体的预测精度。Jason反演所导出的结果是一宽频带的反射系数序列和宽频带的波阻抗数据,同时加入了低频分量,使反演结果能正确地反映地层变化规律。实例表明,在波阻抗剖面上,不仅可以预测出煤层厚度的变化趋势,而且可以反映煤层夹矸及围岩的变化规律及煤层受岩浆岩侵蚀的范围。     

单片机控制下地震勘探应答器集成音频声源级控制方法

以往地震勘探应答器控制方法,不能有效减少噪声对应答器集成音频存在的干扰,导致应答器音质存在杂音,影响使用效果。为此,提出单片机控制下地震勘探应答器集成音频声源级控制方法,构建基于单片机控制的地震勘探应答器,应答器包含了供电模块、主控模块、功放模块、匹配模块、接收模块、收发合置模块以及收/发换能器,采用单片机获取内部输出的工作情况,并基于稀疏正则化的集成音频声源布局优化方法,实现声源级控制。结果表明:所提方法能够有效强化单片机控制下地震勘探应答器集成音频效果,且去噪效果好,该方法控制下应答器工作线性度较优,能够为地震勘探提供更好的勘探方法和勘探设备。