贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术探究

中介生物辅助大型海藻海底基质附着技术,是采用海面撒播苗种方法,进行大型海藻海底增殖的核心技术。研究发现,该贝、藻复合体苗种的运输比普通水产苗种运输难度显著增加。本文采取传统的干运、水运以及发明的淋水运输3种不同方式,进行了贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术研究。结果表明:干运3h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);水运1h以上苗种的存活率与对照组差异显著(P0.05);淋水运输24 h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。实验说明:水运不适合该苗种运输;在露空时间3 h以内,干运是最经济、最便捷的苗种运输方法;在露空24 h以内,采取淋水运输能够保证苗种的成活率,可以作为该苗种常规的运输方法。     

First evidence of a massive recruitment event in Posidonia oceanica: Spatial variation in first-year seedling abundance on a heterogeneous substrate

A recruitment event of Posidonia oceanica was recorded in the Gulf of Ventilegne (Corsica, Western Mediterranean) in June 2005. One-year seedlings (alive and dead) were found at shallow depth (2–3 m) on a mix of rock and sand substrates. Pattern in the distribution of seedlings was examined over spatial scales ranging from centimetres to hundreds of metres. We also examined (a) whether establishment was preferentially associated with a specific substrate type; (b) the relation between proportional mortality and the density of established seedlings; and (c) the growth characteristics of seedlings. The average density of seedlings varied from 19 to 189 seedlings m⁻², with a maximum of 480 seedlings m⁻². While significant variation was detected at the scale of area (i.e., tens of metres), no difference was found in abundance of seedlings at the scale of sites (i.e., hundreds of metres). Most of the overall variability was, however, at on the smallest scale examined (i.e., among sampling units tens of centimetres apart). No differences were also observed in the establishment probability and seedling abundance between sand and rock substrates. The fine scale analysis of spatial patterns on rock and sand substrates showed a clumped distribution of seedlings. These results indicated that the spatial distribution of seedlings was not random, but organized at small spatial scales within the study sites. Hydrodynamics and micro-scale bottom features appeared to account for such patterning. Proportional seedling mortality was highly variable (ranging from 0.3 to 0.8), and tended to increase with increasing settlement density. A total of 128,000 seedlings were recoded over the 1600 m² surface area investigated. Such event reflected conspicuous seed supply and particularly favourable local conditions. This finding contradicts the current statement of low recruitment ability of P. oceanica and indicates that the species can recruit both on consolidated and unconsolidated substrates, at least in the study area.     

海带配子体克隆细胞附着的初步研究

海带是我国海水养殖主要品种之一,其综合应用价值较高[1].20世纪90年代末期,海带配子体克隆在海带苗种繁育中的应用,为海带育苗生产开辟了新途径[2].主要运用生长发育调控技术实现海带配子体克隆细胞大量扩增和同步成熟来繁育海带优良苗种,这样可大幅度降低育苗成本,缩短育苗周期,该项技术具有良好的应用前景.目前海带配子体克隆育苗技术尚未在海带育苗生产中得到规模化应用,其作为一项高新技术,部分关键技术仍有待进一步解决.在与有关生产单位进行海带配子体克隆育苗实验的工作中,笔者认为克隆细胞的附着是影响海带商品苗质量(出苗密度及出苗均匀程度)的关键问题之一.     

5种荒漠植物幼苗对模拟降水量变化的响应

以5种荒漠植物红砂、泡泡刺、花棒、白刺和沙拐枣为研究对象,根据当地生长季节内60 d的平均降水量最大为91.2 mm,平均约为50.7 mm,最小约为35.9 mm等基本情况,人工控制了4种降水量处理水平(29、58、88、117 mm)来模拟幼苗生长对生长季节内降水量变化的响应.结果表明,每种植物都以自己的生长策略表现出独特的对降水量变化的响应格局.红砂幼苗的生长高度和高度生长率随着降水量的增加而显著减小,但降水量变化对其生物量和生物量分配及相对含水量影响不显著;降水量显著影响了泡泡刺和白刺幼苗的生长高度、高度生长率、生物量及其分配和相对含水量,但二者在生物量及生物量分配和相对含水量方面的趋势存在差异.泡泡刺幼苗的生长高度、高度绝对生长率、生物量及其分配等都随着降水量的增加而呈抛物线趋势;白刺幼苗以萎蔫老叶、发出新芽的方式来适应干旱环境.降水量显著影响了花棒幼苗的绝对高度生长率、生物量干重、生物量分配和相对含水量,但对生长高度和相对高度生长率影响不明显;沙拐枣幼苗的相对高度生长率和生物量干重对降水量的响应不敏感,但从其幼苗的生长高度和绝对高度生长率来看,沙拐枣幼苗的存活需要较多的水分.花棒和沙拐枣在不同降水量处理下对地上、地下生物量的分配方式相反,但降水量偏少限制了二者的生长.红砂和白刺幼苗更适合于在适宜在降水量为29 mm的环境中生存,泡泡刺幼苗阶段适宜在降水量为58~88 mm的环境中生长,而花棒和沙拐枣在幼苗阶段的生长更偏向于降水量多于88 mm的条件.     

‘WHY FAMILIES MOVE’: A RE-EXAMINATION

Abstract

This study examines the role of surface geomorphic features in tree establishment at the alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, through the presentation of a multiscale, conceptual model of biogeomorphic relationships at alpine treeline. Empirical observations gathered through a multiscale field methodology over three summers serve as a base for the model. The model highlights the importance of surface geomorphic features, specifically boulders and terrace risers, in creating favorable local site conditions, largely by protecting seedlings from wind. The sheltering effect of surface features enables initial seedling establishment, and in some cases survival, above current treeline locations, thereby initiating a positive feedback effect that encourages subsequent tree establishment. Geomorphic features are therefore important in linking scales of pattern and process at the alpine treeline ecotone.     

水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响

通过室内试验研究了土壤水分和沙埋深度对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明:草本雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发和幼苗出土喜好水分,水分含量越高,种子发芽率越高;半灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、灌木沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）种子在含水量为15%~20%的土壤中发芽率高,干旱或水分含量过高会导致种子发芽率降低。沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗,雾冰藜种子在无沙埋时发芽率最高,黑沙蒿适宜沙埋深度为0.5 cm,沙冬青和沙棘适宜沙埋深度1.0 cm。     

北方用维尼纶苗帘培育海带夏苗的实验研究

根据南方和北方海带夏苗培育采用苗帘苗绳差异,在山东烟台国家级海带良种场海带育苗基地进行两种夏苗培育工艺的实验研究。在同一个育苗车间内,利用种海带采集游孢子并附苗,跟踪观测维尼纶苗帘和棕绳苗帘对海带育苗期间配子体发育、孢子体(幼苗)生长的影响,并比较两种不同苗帘育苗成本差异。结果显示:相同育苗条件下,维尼纶苗帘采苗后,配子体发育速度、孢子体形成速度显著优于棕绳苗帘上的配子体和孢子体;转化孢子体后,在育苗第15~31天时间内,维尼纶苗帘海带幼苗相对生长速率(RGR)显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗(P0.05);维尼纶苗帘幼苗经55天培育,幼苗平均长度长至1.53 cm±0.13 cm,达到出库下海暂养规格,此时棕绳帘幼苗平均长度约0.47 cm±0.03cm。至70天,棕绳苗帘幼苗平均长度约1.78 cm±0.19 cm,维尼纶绳苗帘幼苗平均长度达7.87 cm±1.35cm,显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗。采用维尼纶苗帘育苗,每1m3育苗水体育苗量约为60万株,综合育苗成本约为23元/万株,采用棕绳苗帘育苗,每1m~3育苗水体育苗量约40万株,综合育苗成本约为31元/万株。综上所述,北方采用维尼纶帘进行海带育苗在生产上具有可行性,并且可降低生产成本约25.8%。     

不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的一个重要因素。砂生槐是西藏特有的沙生植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河、年楚河等主要支流宽谷区。对砂生槐幼苗进行了控制沙埋试验,研究了不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,温度和沙埋深度显著影响砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率。在15～30 ℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,种子萌发率显著下降,15 ℃时,其种子萌发率达到最高值;砂生槐种子能在深度≤10 cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8 cm的沙埋中出苗,在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低。沙埋深度在植株高度的33％时,砂生槐幼苗能够存活,且总生物量大于未沙埋幼苗;当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66％时,砂生槐幼苗存活率降至43％,生长受到抑制;而当沙埋深度增至植株高度的100％和133％时,没有砂生槐幼苗存活。可见砂生槐植株在适应沙埋环境方面主要采用调整生物量分配模式的生态对策。     

土壤质地与埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物出苗的影响研究

在田间条件下,研究了3种土壤质地与5个埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物苦豆子、黄花矶松、沙蒿、油蒿和红砂出苗的影响,为白刺群落恢复、优良植物的筛选及其种群扩展提供理论依据与技术支撑。试验研究表明,尽管白刺群落主要伴生植物在田间的出苗率均较低,但各植物的出苗能力明显不同。土壤质地仅对伴生植物苦豆子、沙蒿和黄花矶松出苗有显著影响,而埋深处理对伴生植物出苗均有显著影响。不同土壤质地与埋深处理的平均出苗率以苦豆子最高,红砂、沙蒿和黄花矶松次之,油蒿最低;不同土壤质地的最高出苗率,沙土以沙蒿最大,沙壤土以黄花矶松最大,黏土以红砂最大;出苗适宜埋深,苦豆子为1.0~2.0 cm,沙蒿、黄花矶松、油蒿和红砂为0.5 cm。研究结果表明,选择适宜的植物及其人工促进技术对退化白刺固沙植被的恢复至关重要。     

利用红毛菜生物学特性覆盖采集单孢子苗

利用红毛菜(Bangiafusco-purpurea)在适宜环境条件下所放散的单孢子为苗种来源,适时把子帘(空白帘)2～8层重叠于已长出红毛菜的母帘之上采集单孢子苗。当子帘附苗量达700～1000株/cm时,可以分苗养殖。