Properties of iron alloys under the Earth's core conditions

The Earth's core is constituted of iron and nickel alloyed with lighter elements. In view of their affinity with the metallic phase, their relative high abundance in the solar system and their moderate volatility, a list of potential light elements have been established, including sulfur, silicon and oxygen. We will review the effects of these elements on different aspects of Fe–X high pressure phase diagrams under Earth's core conditions, such as melting temperature depression, solid–liquid partitioning during crystallization, and crystalline structure of the solid phases. Once extrapolated to the inner–outer core boundary, these petrological properties can be used to constrain the Earth's core properties.     

页岩气地震勘探数据采集参数选择的研究

我国页岩气重点开展区域为南方海相沉积地层,地震地质条件相对复杂,数据采集难度较大。贵州凤冈某页岩气勘查区块,属典型的喀斯特低山地貌,地形起伏大,地震施工困难,同时寒武系下统牛蹄塘组页岩层埋藏较深,反射波能量较弱,原始资料信噪比偏低。参考邻区地震勘探经验,采用二种方法论证野外施工参数:一是在勘探区选取论证点设计物理模型进行理论计算;二是以勘查区内向斜部位设计地质模型进行正演模拟求取。在此基础上通过进行不同岩性、井深、药量等激发接收参数的试验,确定了该区块的野外施工方案。该区页岩气地震勘探野外施工参数的选择方法,有效保障了其页岩气地震勘探效果。     

Mud dispersal across a Cretaceous prodelta: Storm‐generated,wave‐enhanced sediment gravity flows inferred from mudstone microtexture and microfacies

Determining sediment transport direction in ancient mudrocks is difficult. In order to determine both process and direction of mud transport, a portion of a well‐mapped Cretaceous delta system was studied. Oriented samples from outcrop represent prodelta environments from ca 10 to 120 km offshore. Oriented thin sections of mudstone, cut in three planes, allowed bed microstructure and palaeoflow directions to be determined. Clay mineral platelets are packaged in equant, face‐face aggregates 2 to 5 μm in diameter that have a random orientation; these aggregates may have formed through flocculation in fluid mud. Cohesive mud was eroded by storms to make intraclastic aggregates 5 to 20 μm in diameter. Mudstone beds are millimetre‐scale, and four microfacies are recognized: Well‐sorted siltstone forms millimetre‐scale combined‐flow ripples overlying scoured surfaces; deposition was from turbulent combined flow. Silt‐streaked claystone comprises parallel, sub‐millimetre laminae of siliceous silt and clay aggregates sorted by shear in the boundary layer beneath a wave‐supported gravity flow of fluid mud. Silty claystone comprises fine siliceous silt grains floating in a matrix of clay and was deposited by vertical settling as fluid mud gelled under minimal current shear. Homogeneous clay‐rich mudstone has little silt and may represent late‐stage settling of fluid mud, or settling from wave‐dissipated fluid mud. It is difficult or impossible to correlate millimetre‐scale beds between thin sections from the same sample, spaced only ca 20 mm apart, due to lateral facies change and localized scour and fill. Combined‐flow ripples in siltstone show strong preferred migration directly down the regional prodelta slope, estimated at ca 1 : 1000. Ripple migration was effected by drag exerted by an overlying layer of downslope‐flowing, wave‐supported fluid mud. In the upper part of the studied section, centimetre‐scale interbeds of very fine to fine‐grained sandstone show wave ripple crests trending shore normal, whereas combined‐flow ripples migrated obliquely alongshore and offshore. Storm winds blowing from the north‐east drove shore‐oblique geostrophic sand transport whereas simultaneously, wave‐supported flows of fluid mud travelled downslope under the influence of gravity. Effective wave base for sand, estimated at ca 40 m, intersected the prodelta surface ca 80 km offshore whereas wave base for mud was at ca 70 m and lay ca 120 km offshore. Small‐scale bioturbation of mud beds co‐occurs with interbedded sandstone but stratigraphically lower, sand‐free mudstone has few or no signs of benthic fauna. It is likely that a combination of soupground substrate, frequent storm emplacement of fluid mud, low nutrient availability and possibly reduced bottom‐water oxygen content collectively inhibited benthic fauna in the distal prodelta.     

Distribution of trace metals in stream sediments along the Trans-Amazonian Federal Highway,Pará State,Brazil

A total of 64 sediment samples were collected along a stretch of about 988 km of the Trans-Amazonian Federal Highway, between Marabá and Itaituba, Pará State, in order to characterize the distribution of metals and trace elements. Due to the lithological and geological diversity along this stretch of the Amazon, the study region was divided in three distinct tracks. Statistical data analysis (Spearman correlation and Principal Factor Analysis) shows strong signature and predominance of regional rocks chemistry, such as mafic-ultramafic-bearing elements (Ni and Cr) and hydrothermalism-bearing elements such as Cu and Pb. Enrichment factors were calculated for three different normalizer agents: 1) Fe and Mn, representing the Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides, 2) Al representing clay minerals, and 3) organic matter (OM). The Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides showed to be the most proficient metal carrier among the geological matrices, likely due to the larger lithological diversity. On the other hand, OM positively correlated to trace element distribution.     

YZX130型液动锤研究及其在WFSD-4孔中的应用

对YZX130型液动锤的结构和工作原理进行了介绍,通过室内调试和测试总结出其主要特点。在WFSD-4孔中的应用证实,YZX130型液动锤可大幅度提高机械效率和回次进尺,尤其在坚硬破碎地层效果更佳,而在塑性较高的软弱松散地层效果则相对较差。     

太行山东麓构造岩浆带在豫北安林地区的活动特点及控矿特征

安林地区的构造活动,对剖析太行山东麓构造岩浆带成生、演化具有一定的代表性。本区自燕山运动开始就受到了变质核杂岩和伸展拆离构造控制,区内主要构造有NNE向和NW向两组,其中NNE向构造在区内等间距形成了五条规模大的深断裂,均具高角度正断层性质。NW向构造形成了天喜镇-磊口北西向构造岩浆岩带,包括了塔山穹窿式背斜和白玉村-宝山墙状岩体,两组构造均对燕山晚期中-碱性岩浆上侵和安林式矽卡岩型铁矿的形成具重要控制作用。     

青海省都兰县阿拉克湖地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

分析了区内的水系沉积物地球化学参数特征及其元素的相关性,认为元素(地球化学)异常(高值区)严格受东昆中断裂带、东昆南断裂带、布青山南坡乌断裂带,以及阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带和东昆中蛇绿岩带,古-中元古代地层、岩体接触带、热液活动、脉岩等因素联合控制。根据异常特征与成矿地质条件,圈定了找矿远景区5个,且为该区下一步的找矿工作指明了方向。     

基于Budyko假设和分形理论的水沙变化归因识别——以北洛河流域为例

全球气候变化及人类活动深刻影响了区域水文过程,进行水沙变化归因识别对流域生态保护和高质量发展尤为重要。基于Budyko假设和分形理论,采用弹性系数法,对北洛河流域上（丘陵沟壑区）、中（土石山林—高塬沟壑区）、下游（渭北旱塬农区）3种不同地貌和植被类型区1959—2019年的水、沙通量变化进行归因分析。结果表明,北洛河上、中、下游径流量均显著减少,由20世纪60年代的35 mm、32 mm、34 mm,减少到21世纪10年代的19 mm、24 mm、6 mm,60 a减少率分别为0.3 mm a^-1、0.2 mm a^-1、0.4 mm a^-1。上游输沙量极显著减少,中游降低趋势不显著,下游显著减少,由20世纪60年代的99×10⁶ t、8×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t,减少到21世纪10年代的10×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t、0.3×10⁶ t,60 a减少率分别为1.5×10⁶ t a^-1、0.04×10⁶ t a^-1、0.1×10⁶ t a^-1。20世纪70年代以来,上游径流变化逐渐受人类活动影响,且影响程度逐渐增强,21世纪10年代人类活动贡献率达66.3%;气候变化是中游径流变化的主控因子,21世纪10年代降雨和潜在蒸散发的贡献率分别为77.0%和20.2%;下游径流减少主要为人类活动影响,21世纪10年代其贡献率为64.3%。对比20世纪60年代流域输沙量变化始终受人类活动主导,21世纪10年代人类活动对上、中、下游输沙量减少的贡献率分别为80.7%、59.2%和92.7%。上游人类活动对输沙量减少的贡献中,退耕还林等沟坡措施和沟道工程措施分别为39.0%、42.7%,中、下游人类活动贡献的估算结果反映出高植被覆盖区和农区汲水灌溉对区域水、沙的影响特征。     

典型黄土坡面土壤侵蚀特征及径流流速空间变化试验研究

为了明确土壤性质对坡面侵蚀方式作用机制的影响,本研究采用室内模拟降雨试验,选取黄土高原典型暴雨强度,在不同坡度条件下,对两种黄土的坡面侵蚀方式、形态特征、产流产沙过程及其相应径流流速的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,绥德土径流量明显高于安塞土,10º、15º和20º时前者的平均径流量分别比后者高出51.1%、55.5%和63.0%,且前者更易形成细沟,使得其平均含沙量和平均产沙率分别是后者的1.14~3.59倍和2.50~8.48倍。在片蚀阶段,与绥德土相比,安塞土的含沙量较高,后者的平均含沙量是前者的1.24~1.73倍,但两种土壤的含沙量和产沙规律相同,均表现为先快速增加到最大值,然后逐渐降低到相对稳定状态,该现象证明片蚀的初期阶段主要受控于径流输沙能力,后期受径流的剥蚀能力控制。在细沟侵蚀阶段,绥德土细沟发育以沟头溯源侵蚀为主,崩塌作用频繁,该侵蚀形式不仅控制着细沟形态的总体特征,也导致含沙量和产沙率均急剧增加,该阶段平均含沙量是相应片蚀阶段的3.25~4.34倍。细沟沟口下方坡面存在明显的泥沙沉积带,表明细沟集中水流的搬运能力远高于坡面漫流,细沟侵蚀主要受径流输沙能力控制。两种土壤的径流流速均表现为坡面下部高于坡面上部,径流稳定后高于径流稳定前,总体来看,绥德土和安塞土上坡和径流稳定后的平均流速分别是下坡和径流稳定前的1.4倍、1.25倍和1.75倍、1.29倍,此外细沟侵蚀或侵蚀强度与微地貌形态之间的互馈作用对径流流速也有较大影响。