Negative Ce Anomaly in the Indian Banded Iron Formations: Evidence for the Emergence of Oxygenated Deep-Sea at 2.9-2.7 Ga

Abstract: Major and rare earth element contents are reported for Late Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Bababudan Group of the Dharwar Craton, South India. The BIFs are mostly composed of SiO₂ (average1ρ = 54.88.1 wt%) and Fe₂O₃* (44.38.2 wt%). The Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents are remarkably low, suggesting that detrital components were starved during the BIF deposition. The BIFs have a LREE-enriched pattern with a relatively high (La/Yb)_N (6.644.07). Total REE concentrations (RE) vary from 5.2 to 65.3 ppm. The REE patterns are characterized by the presence of a very large negative Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*: 0.13-0.83) and a positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.96-2.45). The Eu/Eu* decreases and (La/Yb)_N increases with a increase of RE. These correlations of REE indices are similar to those of modern hydrothermal iron-rich sediments near a mid-ocean ridge (MOR). Greenstones associated with the BIFs have MORB-like geochemical features. These geochemical and geological lines of evidence indicate that the depositional site of the BIFs was remote from a continent and/or island arc and that the BIFs were in situ hydrothermal sediments near a MOR. A striking negative Ce anomaly in the BIFs indicates that oxygenated deep-sea environments emerged at 2.9-2.7 Ga. The existence of contemporaneous Mn deposits in the Dharwar Craton supports this assertion. Our scenario of oxygen in the Earth's surface of the Late Archean is different from long-held notion that the atmosphere and ocean were persistently anoxic throughout the Archean.     

渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间模态及其时间变化

针对整个渤海海域悬浮泥沙分布全貌研究的不足,基于2000-2004年连续5年的354个SeaWiFS反演的渤海表层悬沙浓度资料,经多年月平均得到其季节变化特征;通过经验正交函数分解,给出其空间模态及时间系数,揭示渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间分布特征及其随时间的变化。渤海表层悬沙浓度除秦皇岛海域外近岸高,离岸低,辽东湾东岸浓度远大于西岸;冬季浓度最高,春秋次之,除河口海域外夏季浓度最低;河口海域冬夏季均为浓度高值区。经验正交分解显示第一空间模态反映渤海悬沙浓度的总体分布特征,其显著变化周期为12个月,显示渤海表层悬沙的季节变化特征。第二空间模态反映黄河入海径流对渤海表层悬沙浓度分布格局的影响, 其周期为6个月,代表黄河口海域悬沙浓度的变化周期。第三模态显示渤海不同海域悬沙浓度的增加或减小过程并不同步,存在明显的位相差异。     

黄土滑坡研究现状与设想

黄土滑坡因其危害大、分布广成为近年工程地质研究热点问题。首先对黄土滑坡类型划分进行了讨论,基于滑坡物质组成及主滑面发育位置的黄土滑坡分类方案反映了我国黄土滑坡的主控因素,各类滑坡活动特征明确,建议将其作为黄土滑坡分类的首选方案。对黄土滑坡的发生、滑动机制以及滑坡液化机制进行了评述,并就两类典型液化型黄土滑坡滑动模式、进一步研究思路进行了讨论。对地震诱发黄土滑坡进行了专门的述评。最后,对今后黄土滑坡研究提出了几点设想。     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床新分类与小岩体成矿作用

中国镍(铜、钴)、铂族等许多重要金属矿产都产出于岩浆硫化物矿床,该类矿床是矿床地质研究的热点之一。笔者综合构造背景、侵入方式、岩体规模、矿床模式、主成矿元素等因素,对中国岩浆硫化物矿床提出了新的分类:①古大陆内的小侵入体矿床;②与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的侵入体矿床;③造山带内小侵入体矿床;④蛇绿岩型矿床。认为小侵入体(小岩体)岩浆矿床是中国主要的矿床类型,并在此基础上,从小岩体矿床的相关概念、3种地质背景、3种火山岩_岩体_矿床组合形式以及成矿的主要因素等方面详细阐述了小岩体成矿作用。结合国内外勘查实践指出,小岩体岩浆矿床仍具有很大的找矿潜力,是中国应继续重点研究的主要矿床类型。最后,还讨论了小岩体矿床不仅在基性_超基性岩体中广泛发育,而且在中酸性岩体中也具有重要的经济价值和研究意义。     

成矿带1∶20万水系沉积物地球化学分区的方法及地质意义:以西藏冈底斯铜多金属成矿带为例

以冈底斯铜多金属成矿带为例,阐述了利用1∶20万和1∶50万水系沉积物地球化学测量开展成矿区带地球化学分区的方法和思路,进一步对其地质意义进行了探讨。结果表明:小比例尺的水系沉积物地球化学数据具有地球化学分区示踪意义。总结出一套操作性强的地球化学分区方法,其方法具有指示找矿方向的实际意义,对区域构造单元划分具参考价值。地球化学分区为该区的找矿方向、成矿远景评价及基础地质调查奠定了基础。     

江西陆相红盆岩石地层划分与对比

本文论述了江西陆相红盆地正式和非正式岩石地层划分的原则和方法；从构造界面、岩性岩相、古生物等7个方面阐述了陆相红盆地之间的岩石地层可进行对比。     

Downstream patterns of bed sediment-borne metals,minerals and organic matter in a stream system receiving acidic mine effluent: A preliminary study

Different downstream variation patterns were observed for a range of bed sediment-borne metals (aqua regia-extractable fraction) in a subtropical stream system receiving acid mine drainage. Mine-originated Fe tended to be deposited in the acidic (mean pH < 4.9) upstream reach in forms of goethite and/or hematite. In contrast, other metals tended to be transported farther downstream and settled in a low-gradient reach with high pH (mean pH > 5.6). The peak of sediment-borne Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Ni and Zn corresponded very well with the peak of the sediment-borne organic matter, suggesting a close association between the water-borne organic colloids and the inorganic metal oxides/hydroxides during their transport. The marked increase in the sediment-borne Al and Pb started more upstream than the other metals, suggesting that the water-borne Al and Pb were more susceptible to pH rise-induced precipitation, as compared to the other metals. It appeared that the organic colloids played no important role in Pb transport and settlement. The iron precipitates had a limited role to play in affecting the transport and fates of other metals since they were predominantly formed and deposited in the acidic reach, which made them incapable of scavenging cationic metals by co-precipitation or adsorption.     

渤中25-1油田沙河街组低孔低渗储层特征及分类评价

渤中25-1油田位于渤海南部海域,其主力油层为古近系沙河街组,总体上属于低孔低渗储层。通过薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射分析和测井解释等手段,对沙河街组砂岩储层的岩石学特征、沉积特征、物性和孔隙结构特征进行了分析研究。沙河街组沙三段为较深水湖泊环境下的浊积扇沉积,沙二段为扇三角洲沉积;岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩,储层孔隙类型为混合孔隙、次生孔隙和原生孔隙,由于沙三段溶蚀孔隙发育较沙二段少,沙三段物性较沙二段差。结合储层试油结果,提出了低孔低渗储层宏观成因、微观孔隙结构和综合评价3种分类方案,总体上把储层分为好、中和差3类,对应产能分别为大于80 m3/d、介于10~100 m3/d之间、小于10 m3/d和微量或无产能。经过该油田沙河街组5口井、15个储层段的测试验证,储层宏观成因分类评价结果与实际试油结果符合率达到86.67%,微观孔隙结构分类和综合分类评价结果与实际试油结果基本吻合。     

藏东吉塘地区冈瓦纳相冰海杂砾岩的特征及其意义

察雅县吉塘镇澜沧江以西的酉西和泄巴发现冰海杂砾岩,是藏东地区班公湖－怒江缝合带以东首次发现的冈瓦纳相沉积岩,基本特征与青藏高原南部的冈瓦纳相冰海杂砾岩相同,而吉塘镇澜沧江以东的石炭纪—二叠纪地层与古生物则是典型扬子型的。冰海杂砾岩的分布范围大致代表冈瓦纳大陆塔尔切尔冰期影响的空间,并具有时代对比价值。这些资料可能说明一个事实,藏东地区石炭纪—二叠纪冈瓦纳大陆的东部边界为北澜沧江断裂带。     

Flow dynamics at the origin of thin clayey sand lacustrine turbidites: Examples from Lake Hazar,Turkey

Turbidity currents and their deposits can be investigated using several methods, i.e. direct monitoring, physical and numerical modelling, sediment cores and outcrops. The present study focused on thin clayey sand turbidites found in Lake Hazar (Turkey) occurring in eleven clusters of closely spaced thin beds. Depositional processes and sources for three of those eleven clusters are studied at three coring sites. Bathymetrical data and seismic reflection profiles are used to understand the specific geomorphology of each site. X‐ray, thin sections and CT scan imagery combined with grain‐size, geochemical and mineralogical measurements on the cores allow characterization of the turbidites. Turbidites included in each cluster were produced by remobilization of surficial slope sediment, a process identified in very few studies worldwide. Three types of turbidites are distinguished and compared with deposits obtained in flume studies published in the literature. Type 1 is made of an ungraded clayey silt layer issued from a cohesive flow. Type 2 is composed of a partially graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap, attributed to a transitional flow. Type 3 corresponds to a graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap issued from a turbulence‐dominated flow. While the published experimental studies show that turbulence is damped by cohesion for low clay content, type 3 deposits of this study show evidence for a turbulence‐dominated mechanism despite their high clay content. This divergence may in part relate to input variables, such as water chemistry and clay mineralogy, that are not routinely considered in experimental studies. Furthermore, the large sedimentological variety observed in the turbidites from one coring site to another is related to the evolution of a sediment flow within a field‐scale basin made of a complex physiography that cannot be tackled by flume experiments.