Effect of viscous damping devices on the response of seismically isolated structures

Viscous and other damping devices are often used as elements of seismic isolation systems. Despite the widespread application of nonlinear viscous systems particularly in Japan (with fewer applications in the USA and Taiwan), the application of viscous damping devices in isolation systems in the USA progressed intentionally toward the use of supplementary linear viscous devices due to the advantages offered by these devices. This paper presents experimental results on the behavior of seismically isolated structures with low damping elastomeric (LDE) and single friction pendulum (SFP) bearings with and without linear and nonlinear viscous dampers. The isolation systems are tested within a six‐story structure configured as moment frame and then again as braced frame. Emphasis is placed both on the acquisition of data related to the structural system (drifts, story shear forces, and isolator displacements) and on non‐structural systems (floor accelerations, floor spectral accelerations, and floor velocities). Moreover, the accuracy of analytical prediction of response is investigated based on the results of a total of 227 experiments, using 14 historic ground motions of far‐fault and near‐fault characteristics, on flexible moment frame and stiff braced frame structures isolated with LDE or SFP bearings and linear or nonlinear viscous dampers. It is concluded that when damping is needed to reduce displacement demands in the isolation system, linear viscous damping results in the least detrimental effect on the isolated structure. Moreover, the study concludes that the analytical prediction of peak floor accelerations and floor response spectra may contain errors that need to be considered when designing secondary systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西湖凹陷砂岩自生高岭石发育特征及其对储层物性的影响

从储层演化的角度来说,高岭石是砂岩储层中最常见的自生黏土矿物之一,通常出现在孔隙喉道中,是长石溶解和次生孔隙发育的指示矿物。以薄片鉴定、电镜扫描、X衍射分析等资料为基础,通过对西湖凹陷古近系、新近系影响储层质量的自生高岭石的分布特征及其形成机制的研究,认为西湖凹陷自生高岭石的含量和分布特点与成岩作用过程中有机酸和大气水对长石等铝硅酸盐的溶解作用有关;自生高岭石含量与储层物性之间具有较好的相关性;西斜坡平湖组具有比中央反转构造带平湖组明显高的自生高岭石含量,具有更好的成岩和次生孔隙形成条件;凹陷南部地区具有比北部地区相对较高的高岭石含量,有更好的次生孔隙形成条件与储层物性。     

基于ArcEngine的三维地形图自动绘制系统的实现

在分析三维地形图特征的基础上全面探讨了三维地形图自动绘制时所面临的问题,从三维地形图数据组织、数据处理、空间关系处理、三维地图符号化等方面进行了研究,设计并实现了基于ArcEngine的三维地形图制图系统,利用西部的多幅地形图进行了实验,证明该软件是可行的。     

湍致次生环流的数值研究

本文给出了一个数值模式,用于描述具有横向粗糙度变化的平面上方的湍流场内的次生环流。在此模式中,雷诺平均运动方程组的闭合,采用了代数化的雷诺应力输运方程和k-ε二方程湍流模式。计算结果和实验结果相吻合。本文还讨论了利用数值模式进行参数实验的一些结果。     

湄洲湾东吴港区附近潮间带大型底栖动物的时空分布及次级生产力

湄洲湾位于福建沿海中部,作者于2008年1月（冬季）、10月（秋季）,依据《海洋监测规范》（GB17378-2007）,在湄洲湾东吴港区附近设置3条潮间带断面,进行大型底栖动物调查采样．调查结果表明：共采获潮间带大型底栖动物283种,其中多毛类94种、软体动物91种、甲壳动物74种、棘皮动物9种、鱼类5种、其它类群动物10种．C断面种类最多179种．调查期间大型底栖动物平均生物量20．07g／m^2,平均栖息密度645．9ind／m^2,B断面生物量最高,A断面栖息密度最大．年平均去灰干重3．61g（AFDW）／m^2,依据Brey（1990）的公式计算,潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力5．33g（AFDW）／（m^2·a）,年平均P／B值为1．93．调查海域潮间带大型底栖动物种类数量、生物量、次级生产力、P／B值均高于海坛海峡潮间带．     

Examining deforestation and agropasture dynamics along the Brazilian TransAmazon Highway using multitemporal Landsat imagery

This research aims to understand the difference of major land-cover change results caused in various time periods and to examine the impacts of human-induced factors on land-cover changes along the TransAmazon Highway region. The Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager data from 2011, 2014, and 2017 and our previous land-cover classification results in 1991, 2000, and 2008 were used to examine land-cover dynamics. A classification system consisting of five land-cover classes – primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF), agropasture (AP), urban area, and water – were chosen. The hierarchical-based classification method was used to generate land-cover classification results, and the post-classification comparison approach was used to produce detailed “from-to” conversions for each detection period. The emphasis was on deforestation of PF, dynamic change of SF and AP, and urbanization over time. The impacts of human-induced factors such as population and economic conditions on urban expansion, AP expansion, and deforestation were examined. This research indicated that selection of a suitable time period was critical for effectively detecting land-cover changes; that is, too long time period (i.e., 9 years) cannot accurately capture some land-cover changes such as the AP and SF in this research. Although deforestation – the conversion from PF to SF and AP – accounted for a large proportion of land-cover changes, the changes between SF and AP became more important than PF conversion, and required a short time period (i.e., 3 years here) for effectively reflecting their dynamics. Human-induced factors play important roles in deforestation, dynamic changes between AP and SF, and urbanization.     

三维城市规划辅助决策系统建设方法研究

探讨了三维城市规划辅助决策系统建设的必要性,根据规划业务的实际需求和现有数据及软硬件资源,确定了系统的总体设计方案和具体功能模块,并进一步对主要功能的建设思路进行了详细阐述,旨在为系统开发人员提供重要参考依据。     

缅甸睡宝盆地A井区古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

首次分析睡宝盆地A井区古近系成岩演化序列并提出其储层处于中成岩A1-A2期,此成岩阶段有利于次生孔隙的保护。研究区古近系储层成岩演化序列具有特殊性：第一期胶结作用为硅质胶结,早于机械压实作用或者同时进行,强烈的机械压实作用使得孔隙度减小15%,此后第二期碳酸盐胶结作用占主导,镜下统计两期胶结作用的减孔量为4%~6%;渐新世受到挤压构造运动和表生成岩作用的双重影响,紧临渐新统不整合面以下的储层由于碳酸盐胶结物溶解而形成次生孔隙。2009年中海油新钻井地处冲起构造,后期的这种构造变形对始新统及其以下的核部地层产生侧向挤压形成构造压实效应,原始孔隙遭到更多的破坏,而对渐新统起到构造托举的作用,可以减缓上覆沉积物的静岩压实效应。成岩演化序列的特殊性和多期构造运动使得古近系储层物性出现差异,总结储集性好的储层并分析其成因机制,对睡宝盆地下一步勘探具有重要指导意义。     

低频地波场强和二次相位因子计算的可视化实现

准确计算地波场强和时延是利用BPL或罗兰-C定时的关键技术之一。利用VC++面向对象和可视化的程序设计实现了低频范围内任意距离上场强和二次相位因子的计算。MicrosoftWindows图形用户界面使得工程人员操作起来简单易懂,更加具有实用性。比较表明,该程序的计算结果与现有的数据吻合得非常好,计算结果准确度较高。     

Characteristics of Chemical Speciation in PM_1 in Six Representative Regions in China

A better knowledge of aerosol properties is of great significance for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind frequently occurring haze pollution events. In this study, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in both PM_1 and its major chemical constituents using three-year field measurements that were collected in six representative regions in China between 2012 and 2014. Our results show that both PM_1 and its chemical compositions varied significantly in space and time, with high PM_1 loadings mainly observed in the winter. By comparing chemical constituents between clean and polluted episodes, we find that the elevated PM_1 mass concentration during pollution events should be largely attributable to significant increases in organic matter(OM) and inorganic aerosols like sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium(SNA),indicative of the critical role of primary emissions and secondary aerosols in elevating PM_1 pollution levels. The ratios of PM_1/PM_(2.5) are found to be generally high in Shanghai and Guangzhou, while relatively low ratios are seen in Xi'an and Chengdu, indicating anthropogenic emissions were more likely to accumulate in forms of finer particles. With respect to the relative importance of chemical components and meteorological factors quantified via statistical modeling practices, we find that primary emissions and secondary aerosols were the two leading factors contributing to PM_1 variations, though meteorological factors also played important roles in regulating the dispersion of atmospheric PM.