山区贫困县中小学空间格局变化与可达性分析——以河南省嵩县为例

山区贫困县具有经济落后、交通不便、人口分散且居住空间格局快速变化等特点,使得其中小学空间格局变化及可达性分析在教育公平中具有重要意义。本文以豫西山区贫困县嵩县为例,利用1997、2007、2015年中小学数据,运用趋势面分析和引力模型等方法对其空间格局变化及其空间可达性进行研究。主要结论为：①嵩县中小学空间布局在一些地形条件地区局部集中：小学在浅山丘陵区和低山区分布相对较多,初中则局部集中在浅山丘陵区;②撤点并校使中小学数量减少,各行政村内学校数量的分布差距缩小,趋势线逐渐平缓;③Voronoi模型的Cv值结果显示,中小学空间分布呈集聚分布状态,随着中小学数量的减少其空间集聚程度逐渐下降,在县域北部沿东北—西南走向呈现面状密集分布区,沿境内两条主要干线路(G311和S247)分别形成南北和东西向狭长带状分布区;④2015年中小学空间可达性区域差别明显,小学最远入学距离为最近入学距离的160倍,有26.1%的村庄初中入学距离达10 km以上,且全部位于中山和低山地区;⑤地形、交通、人口、经济、政策因素等对嵩县教育资源的分布具有重要影响。     

豫中南一次秋季区域性暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°分析资料、FY-2E卫星及雷达资料等,采用诊断分析和对比分析方法,分析了2014年9月27—28日豫中南区域性暴雨的环流形势、强降水成因、中尺度特征及该过程与夏季暴雨的异同。结果表明:本次秋季暴雨过程是高空低槽、副高、中低层切变线、高低空急流、地面倒槽等系统共同作用的结果。持续的水汽辐合为暴雨提供了充沛的水汽条件,水汽通量大值区与水汽辐合中心分布及暴雨落区吻合;低层涡度的发展和水平风的切变导致垂直涡度发展,动力条件较好;K指数高值区对预报暴雨尤其强降水落区有较好指示意义,暴雨中心上空θse值随高度递减,高层低能舌叠加在低层高能区之上,强降水落区位于二者交汇的区域。低层偏东气流与高空槽前西南气流配合产生经向次级环流,上升运动增强;200 h Pa西风急流稳定维持,导致高层抽吸作用明显,有利于区域性暴雨发展。降水云团tbb一般在-32℃左右,发展高度明显低于夏季暴雨云团;降水前期回波为层云回波,后期转变为混合性回波,强降水主要由混合降水回波中的强对流云团导致的。中高层没有明显强冷空气,低层冷空气作用较大,东路冷空气一方面形成冷垫造成动力抬升,另一方面在低层与暖湿气流形成强水汽辐合,是本次秋季区域性暴雨的形成机制,也是不同于夏季暴雨的主要特征。     

“7·20”河南极端暴雨精细观测及热动力成因

利用分钟降水资料、FY-4A气象卫星高分辨率资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和ERA5再分析资料对2021年“7·20”河南极端暴雨过程中尺度系统精细结构及热动力发展机制进行观测分析和诊断研究, 结果表明: 该过程发生在“两高对峙”的鞍型场弱背景下, 其主导系统为500 hPa弱低压系统和低层偏东风切变线; 极端暴雨主要由水平尺度约300 km呈近乎圆形结构中尺度对流复合体产生, 其长时间维持与内部多个中尺度对流系统的合并及外围东南侧暖湿区新生单体的持续并入有关; 郑州站小时强降水(201.9 mm· h-1)由几乎静止的低质心β中尺度弓状回波产生, 其分钟降水量持续在3~4.7 mm; 边界层风场的动力辐合触发强烈对流, 使得强降水区上空θ_se锋区长时间处于中性层结, 其高层辐散气流在西北太平洋副热带高压附近构成次级环流下沉支; 中层500 hPa低压区气旋式曲率附近正涡度平流和925 hPa偏东气流持续暖平流输送、低层变形场锋生作用, 以及来自华东近海边界层急流异常强盛的水汽输送是此次极端过程发展维持的热动力学成因。     

Anthropogenic Effects on Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation from naturally emitted volatile organic compounds(BVOCs). We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenic pollutants(NOx, anthropogenic aerosols, SO_2, NH_3) on biogenic SOA formation. NOx participate in BVOC oxidation through changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity, leading to a complex SOA composition and yield sensitivity towards NOx level for different or even specific hydrocarbon precursors. Anthropogenic aerosols act as an important intermedium for gas–particle partitioning and particle-phase reactions, processes of which are influenced by the particle phase state, acidity, water content and thus associated with biogenic SOA mass accumulation. SO_2 modifies biogenic SOA formation mainly through sulfuric acid formation and accompanies new particle formation and acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions. Some new SO_2-involved mechanisms for organosulfate formation have also been proposed.NH_3/amines, as the most prevalent base species in the atmosphere, influence biogenic SOA composition and modify the optical properties of SOA. The response of SOA formation behavior to these anthropogenic pollutants varies among different BVOCs precursors. Investigations on anthropogenic–biogenic interactions in some areas of China that are simultaneously influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions are summarized. Based on this review, some recommendations are made for a more accurate assessment of controllable biogenic SOA formation and its contribution to the total SOA budget. This study also highlights the importance of controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions with effective pollutant mitigation policies to reduce regional and global biogenic SOA formation.     

Motion near the 3/1 resonance of the planar elliptic restricted three body problem

The global semi-numerical perturbation method proposed by Henrard and Lemaître (1986) for the 2/1 resonance of the planar elliptic restricted three body problem is applied to the 3/1 resonance and is compared with Wisdom's perturbative treatment (1985) of the same problem. It appears that the two methods are comparable in their ability to reproduce the results of numerical integration especially in what concerns the shape and area of chaotic domains. As the global semi-numerical perturbation method is easily adapted to more general types of perturbations, it is hoped that it can serve as the basis for the analysis of more refined models of asteroidal motion. We point out in our analysis that Wisdom's uncertainty zone mechanism for generating chaotic domains (also analysed by Escande 1985 under the name of slow Hamiltonian chaotic layer) is not the only one at work in this problem. The secondary resonance _p = 0 plays also its role which is qualitatively (if not quantitatively) important as it is closely associated with the random jumps between a high eccentricity mode and a low eccentricity mode.     

Urban transformations,migration and residential mobility patterns in African secondary cities

Abstract

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.     

Spatial and social transformations in a secondary city: the role of mobility in Sekondi-Takoradi,Ghana

Abstract

Existing research on urban Ghana mainly focuses on processes occurring within the country’s major cities, thereby reproducing a trend within the social sciences to overlook the role of intermediate and secondary cities. This paper aims to address this shortcoming by exploring spatial and social transformations in Sekondi–Takoradi, one of Ghana’s secondary cities and the metropolitan area serving the region’s emerging rubber industries as well as the country’s oil and gas economy. Using qualitative interviews conducted with residents in five of the city’s neighbourhoods, and a modified version of Kaufmann’s typology of mobility, we examine migration into Sekondi–Takoradi, residential mobility within the city and the daily mobility of the city’s residents. The paper highlights how these diverse forms of mobility interact with processes taking place both within and outside Sekondi–Takoradi, most notably influencing and being influenced by livelihood strategies. It is argued that the city and its hinterlands can best be envisaged as a mobile networked whole, rather than consisting of disconnected and compartmentalized locales. The paper thus contributes to broader debates on how mobility shapes urbanization by providing new empirical data on events unfolding in Africa’s secondary cities, and extends existing research by providing a counter-narrative to literature that examines the city and its surrounding rural areas separately.     

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Bias on Isotope Ratios in Dolomite–Ankerite,Part I: δ18O Matrix Effects

We document the development of a suite of carbonate mineral reference materials for calibrating SIMS determinations of δ¹⁸O in samples with compositions along the dolomite–ankerite solid solution series [CaMg(CO₃)₂–CaFe(CO₃)₂]. Under routine operating conditions for the analysis of carbonates for δ¹⁸O with a CAMECA IMS 1280 instrument (at WiscSIMS, University of Wisconsin‐Madison), the magnitude of instrumental bias along the dolomite–ankerite series decreased exponentially by ~ 10‰ with increasing Fe content in the dolomite structure, but appeared insensitive to minor Mn substitution [< 2.6 mol% Mn/(Ca+Mg+Fe+Mn)]. The compositional dependence of bias (i.e., the sample matrix effect) was calibrated using the Hill equation, which relates bias to the Fe# of dolomite–ankerite [i.e., molar Fe/(Mg+Fe)] for thirteen reference materials (Fe# = 0.004–0.789); for calibrations employing either 10 or 3 μm diameter spot size measurements, this yielded residual values ≤ 0.3–0.4‰ relative to CRM NBS 19 for most reference materials in the suite. Analytical precision was ± 0.3‰ (2s, standard deviations) for 10‐μm spots and ± 0.7‰ (2s) for 3‐μm spots, based on the spot‐to‐spot repeatability of a drift monitor material that ‘bracketed’ each set of ten sample‐spot analyses. Analytical uncertainty for individual sample analyses was approximated by a combination of precision and calibration residual values (propagated in quadrature), suggesting an uncertainty of ± 0.5‰ (2s) for 10‐μm spots and ± 1‰ (2s) for 3‐μm spots.     

内蒙古蛤蟆石铅银钼多金属矿矿床地质特征

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗蛤蟆石铅银钼多金属矿地处内蒙古大兴安岭成矿带中南段,西拉木伦河断裂以北,工作和研究程度低,通过普-详查工作首次对该矿床有了较为正确、系统的认识。对矿区地质特征、矿体地质特征、矿石地质特征及成矿要素进行了初步分析总结,认为EW向断裂构造为成岩成矿断裂,矿体与EW向展布的沿断裂充填的晚侏罗世次流纹岩时空、成因关系密切,矿体赋存于次火山岩侵入接触构造-硅化蚀变带(次生石英岩化带)中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状EW向分布。通过分析认为矿床成因为次火山热液矿床,与次火山有关的硅化带、次生石英岩化带是该区寻找相似成因矿床的找矿标志。