导致热带产卡拉胶海藻大规模死亡原因分析与藻株抗病差异性比较

2008年夏季东南亚地区栽培的产卡拉胶海藻麒麟菜类陆续发生冰样白化病害并造成大规模死亡.本文根据作者近年来的观测和实验数据探讨了产生该现象的环境因素,通过重演性实验验证和比较了不同株系抗病力差异.结果表明:1)不同海菜株系的抗病能力差异很大,从印度尼西亚引进株系比从菲律宾引进株系抗病能力强,其中株系5抗病能力最强,没有发生冰样白化病症:株系4、6和11的抗病能力次之,只在10%以下的藻株出现病害症状,日生长速率在7%以上的高水平:株系7、8和9号病害损伤程度是印度尼西亚引进株系中最为严重的,但比原产菲律宾海菜要轻.2)与往年同期气象数据相比,在病害发生期间光照时间短、强度弱、海水温度高、降雨量多、蒸发量少、海水盐度下降,上述变化明显不能满足热带产胶海藻生长所需要环境条件,导致了海菜生理状况和生长速率下降.3)从海湾内海菜发病分布和死亡程度上,越远离海湾口和偏离主航道、水浅流速小区域所栽培的海菜发病越早、死亡也越严重;相反,在靠近湾口与外海具有较好水交换和离航道近、水深流速大的区域,海菜发病相对较晚.4)重演实验证实,将海菜浸泡在盐度28的海水中2h,1天后部分株系就会出现冰样白化病症,3天后藻体软化而死亡;海菜浸泡在22盐度的海水2h,会导致更多株系的海菜发生严重的白化病害并死亡.上述结果表明,过多降雨所导致的海水盐度下降是诱发热带产胶海藻爆发大面积病害发生和死亡的主要原因.     

枸杞岛海藻场冬季细菌群落结构分析

从枸杞岛海藻场和对照点贻贝场分别采取表层及底层水样,利用细菌通用引物,提取样品总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,采用16SrDNA文库技术,对其细菌群落进行鉴定和分析。结果表明,海藻场表层和底层细菌群落分为5和6个门,贻贝场表层和底层细菌群落分为3和4个门,海藻场中细菌分类门数多于贻贝场内,优势菌均为变形细菌门,分别占克隆文库的比例为40.7%、50%、59.1%和48.1%。γ-变形菌纲为变形细菌门的优势亚群,各个文库中均含有许多未确定其分类的序列,即含有许多未被认知的微生物类群。变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门为所有水样共有,但在水层垂直分布及不同地理位置间存在较大差异。不同功能类群可能与其特殊生境密切相关。     

两株北极褐藻DNA条形码序列的记录

2012年第5次北极科学考察期间,分别在白令海海域和冰岛附近海域各采集到1株褐藻。描述了其形态学特征,并利用多种DNA条形码序列对其进行了分子鉴定。形态学和基于ITS2序列构建的系统进化树均表明白令海北部海域采集到的AE5-8为孔叶藻亚种Agarum clathratum subsp.Clathratum,这一亚种起源于日本北海道,经过阿拉斯加到北美的东西海岸都有分布。形态学特征及ITS序列和cox1序列均表明在冰岛附近海域采集到的AE5-12是瘤状囊叶藻(Ascophyllum nodosum),瘤状囊叶藻在北大西洋沿岸属于常见种,但是北太平洋海岸未见其分布的报道。     

海洋植物谱系地理模式与遗传连通性研究进展

海洋植物谱系地理学虽然在国内受到的关注比较有限,但近年来的研究进展对了解环境变动如何影响物种的多样性结构、生态适应和进化潜力等亦提供了重要信息.本文首先对刊发海洋植物谱系地理研究最具代表性的两本国际期刊《Molecular Ecology》和《Journal of Biogeography》进行搜索和筛选,从研究团队的...     

The effect of low-level kelp supplementation on digestive enzyme activity levels in cultured abalone Haliotis midae fed formulated feeds

Previous studies have found that macroalgal inclusion in formulated diets for cultured abalone improves feed utilisation, and it was suggested that seaweed-associated bacteria supply enzymes that aid in the animal's digestion. In the present study, we hypothesised that kelp supplementation in formulated feed affects the profile of digestive enzymes in farmed Haliotis midae. Commercially reared sub-adult abalone fed a kelp-supplemented (Ecklonia maxima; 0.88% dry weight) or kelp-free control feed were collected for analysis of the amylase, alginate lyase, laminarinase, fucoidanase and protease activities in the gut. Levels of polysaccharidase and protease activity did not significantly differ between the diet treatments. However, enzyme-activity levels were more variable in abalone fed the kelp-free diet as compared with those fed the kelp-supplemented diet (coefficients of variation: 73%, 48.3–60.2% and 31.9% [control diet] versus 42.7%, 13.6–33.8% and 14.6% [KS diet] for amylase, macroalgal polysaccharidases and acid protease activity, respectively). We suggest that the presence of dietary kelp modulates the abalone's gut bacteria and their nutrient exchange. Proteomic identification of proteins in abalone gut sections showed that exogenous enzymes associated with the gut microbiome aid in bacterial utilisation of digested molecules, whereas abalone endogenous enzymes degrade the macronutrients in formulated feeds.     

2009-2018年南黄海苏北浅滩海域漂浮浒苔和马尾藻现场调查研究

利用2009-2018年在南黄海苏北浅滩海域的现场调查数据,分析和研究了该海域漂浮绿藻和马尾藻的长期变化和季节性波动特征。研究显示,漂浮绿藻于每年4月中旬至下旬在浅滩中部筏架周围开始出现。5月－6月,漂浮绿藻生物量迅速增加,并漂移扩散至深水区。漂浮绿藻密度年际变化较大,但这十年间总体呈上升趋势。相比较而言,漂浮马尾藻仅在2013、2017和2018年在浅滩聚集形成春季藻华;且这三年,漂浮马尾藻密度超过同期漂浮绿藻。浅滩漂浮马尾藻的发生与发展过程与漂浮浒苔明显不同。3月,漂浮马尾藻开始出现于浅滩离岸海域,4-5月,漂浮马尾藻大量侵入浅滩,因此浅滩漂浮马尾藻现并非起源于本地。受高强度人类活动以及浅滩以外海域物理化学和生物过程的影响,浅滩环境因素与漂浮绿藻生物量的关系不甚明确。对于漂浮马尾藻的起源以及与漂浮绿藻的相互关系也需要进一步研究。     

Mineral Components and Anti-oxidant Activities of Tropical Seaweeds

Seaweeds are known to hold substances of high nutritional value; they are the richest resources of minerals important to the biochemical reactions in the human body. Seaweeds also hold non-nutrient compounds like dietary fiber and polyphenols. However, there is not enough information on the mineral compounds of tropical seaweeds. Also we are interested in the antioxidant activities of seaweeds, especially those in the tropical area. In this study, Indonesian green, brown and red algae were used as experimental materials with their mineral components analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The catechins and flavonoids of these seaweeds were extracted with methanol and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） ; the anti-oxidant activities of these seaweeds were evaluated in a fish oil emulsion system. The mineral components of tropical seaweeds are dominated by calcium, potassium and sodium, as well as small amounts of copper, iron and zinc. A green alga usually contains epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and catechin. However, catechin and its isomers are not found in some green and red algae. In the presence of a ferrous ion catalyst, all the methanol extracts from the seaweeds show significantly lower peroxide values of the emulsion than the control, and that of a green alga shows the strongest anti-oxidant extract of this alga, which is significantly different from activity. The highest chelation on ferrous ions is also found in the the other methanol extracts in both 3 and 24 h incubations.     

基于稳定同位素的枸杞岛海藻场鱼类群落营养结构特征

为了阐明枸杞岛近岸海域食物网结构,为岛礁近岸海藻场鱼类群落结构变化提供研究依据,应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术方法,分析评估了舟山枸杞岛近岸海藻场主要鱼类群落的营养结构特征及其季节变化。结果表明,海藻场茂盛期(春、夏季)主要鱼类的δ¹³C值范围为-20.4‰～-12.8‰,均值为-16.1‰,其δ¹⁵N值范围为4.1‰～10.4‰,均值为8.4‰;海藻场衰退期(秋、冬季)主要鱼类的δ¹³C值范围为-17.9‰～-14.4.‰,均值为-16.1‰,δ¹⁵N值范围为7.6‰-12.9‰,均值为9.7‰。钩虾和麦秆虫对褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)和斑头鱼(Agrammus agrammus)等海藻场定居种类的食源贡献率最大,浮游动物对黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)和皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)的等非藻场定居种类食源贡献最大;应用SIBER模型计算显示枸杞岛海藻场茂盛期的主要鱼类群落生态位空间、核心生态位...     

Effects of composition and structure of alginates on adsorption of divalent metals

Results of a series of experiments (on the adsorption of divalent metal ions by dried alginic acid, Na and Ca alginates of different composition and block structure) conducted in this systematic study of the effects of the composition and structure of alginates on the static adsorption equilibrium of divalent metal ions indicate that the properties of alginate adsorption to divalent metal ions are highly different, depending not only on the cations used, but also on the form and structure of the alginates. There is close correlation between the adsorption properties and the structure of the alginates. The selectivity coefficient of Na alginate for Cd-Sr ion exchange tends to increase with the increase of theM/G ratio in alginate, whereas the adsorption capacity of Ca alginate for Cu²⁺ ion decrease with the increase of the G-block or the average length of the G-block and the total adsorption capacity of alginic acid is found to vary in the same order as theF _MM(diad frequency) in alginate in the mixed solution of Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and Cd²⁺. Contribution No. 2166 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

海藻提取物对菠菜硝酸盐积累的影响及机理

采用对比试验的方法,对海藻提取物对菠菜硝酸盐积累的影响及机理进行了研究。结果表明:在300 kg/hm2的氮肥施用量下,用不同浓度的海藻提取物喷施菠菜叶片,均显著降低硝酸盐含量,且浓度与硝酸盐含量呈极显著的负相关;海藻提取物对菠菜硝酸盐含量不存在稀释作用,并且对土壤硝化细菌数量无明显影响;浓度与硝酸还原酶活性呈极显著的正相关,说明海藻提取物降低菠菜硝酸盐含量的机理是通过增强硝酸还原酶活性来实现的。