The Longmala and Mengya’a skarn Pb–Zn deposits,Gangdese region,Tibet: evidence from U–Pb and Re–Os geochronology for formation during early India–Asia collision

The Longmala and Mengya’a deposits are two representative skarn Pb–Zn deposits of the Nyainqêntanglha Pb–Zn–(Cu–Mo–Ag) polymetallic belt in the Gangdese region, Tibet, China. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating of the mineralization-related biotite monzogranite from the Longmala deposit yielded a weighted mean age of 55.7 Ma, which can be interpreted as the emplacement age of the pluton. Re–Os dating of three molybdenite samples from the Longmala deposit yielded model ages of 51.8–54.3 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 53.3 Ma, which is interpreted as the mineralization age of the deposit and overlaps the age of the causative intrusion. The Re–Os dating of four molybdenite samples from the Mengya’a deposit yielded model ages of 60.4–65.8 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 63.6 Ma, which represents the mineralization age of this deposit. Our new precise age data for these two deposits are consistent with the existing ages of ca. 65–51 Ma for other skarn polymetallic deposits in the Nyainqêntanglha metallogenic belt. In addition, these new age data, combined with existing information on the geological evolution history of the Lhasa terrane, indicate that the belt of skarn deposits is closely related to initial collision between India and the Asian continents.     

碰撞与花岗岩——碰撞是构造事件,不是构造环境

碰撞与花岗岩的关系是学术界关心的问题,但是,当前在碰撞与花岗岩关系的研究中存在许多误区.本文认为,碰撞是地壳浅部的构造事件,不属于构造环境范畴.碰撞本身不产生花岗岩,花岗岩形成需要热,热主要来自地幔,是来自地幔的热使下地壳底部熔融才形成了花岗岩.碰撞和碰撞后花岗岩地球化学性质不同,原因与碰撞或碰撞后无关,而与碰撞导致的地壳厚度变化有关.碰撞不是构造环境,现今所用的花岗岩构造环境判别图如果包含有碰撞的内容全部是错误的.     

Post‐Late Paleozoic Collisional Framework of Southern Great Altai

We outline the post-Late Paleozoic (latest Permian to Cenozoic) collisional framework of the southern Great Altai (Central Asia) produced by the convergence between the Tuva-Mongolia and Junggar continental terranes (microplates). The collisional structures in the region classified on the basis of their geometry and deformation style, dynamic metamorphism, and compositions of tectonites are of three main types: (1) mosaic terranes made up of large weakly deformed Paleozoic blocks separated by younger shear zones; (2) contractional deformation systems involving structures formed in post-Late Paleozoic time, parallel faults oriented along collisional deformation systems, and relict lenses of Paleozoic orogenic complexes; and (3) isolated zones of dynamic metamorphism composed mostly of collisional tectonites different in composition and alteration grade.     

内蒙古东七一山花岗岩地球化学、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及岩体形成环境探讨

古生代时期, 北山地区的地壳活动非常强烈, 主要表现为: 早古生代初期大陆的裂解, 一直到中奥陶世广阔大洋盆的发育。志留纪末, 洋盆在自南向北的俯冲中封闭, 使北侧的哈萨克斯坦板块和南侧的塔里木板块拼贴, 并在碰撞造山过程中又构成了一个相对统一的陆块。在晚古生代, 北山地区地壳又在另外一种形式中异常强烈活动, 特别是自石炭纪到二叠纪, 大规模的中酸性岩浆侵入活动构成本区重要的地质事件, 其出露的花岗岩类占到了全区总面积的近1/3, 但泥盆纪时期的地壳活动, 特别是花岗岩浆的侵入活动常被人们忽视, 笔者据泥盆纪时期的沉积-火山作用及挤压构造活动也较发育认为, 海西早期也应有较强的花岗岩浆侵入活动。本文有针对性地对北山地区, 原定为海西中期的东七一山花岗岩岩基, 在岩石学和地球化学等方面研究基础上, 对3处岩石中锆石首次进行了SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定, 其结果分别是(355±4) Ma、 (359±4) Ma、(355±5) Ma, 这表明东七一山花岗岩形成于泥盆纪晚期, 从而确定了北山晚古生代早期也有花岗岩浆的强烈活动, 这对深化北山古生代地壳演化过程有积极意义。     

青藏高原大地构造演化——主要构造-热事件的制约及其成因探讨

尽管青藏高原具有至少5 000万年漫长的演化历史,但是我们对它的认识多是基于一些持续时间很短的构造、沉积、热和气候等事件。在前人的研究基础上,本文对发生在高原内的主要构造-热事件进行梳理,并在时空上进行对比,试图确定相对合理的动力学控制因素。在新生代早期(～50 Ma)和中新世中晚期(～10 Ma),印度板块运动速率发生两次大幅度衰减,前一事件被认为与印度与欧亚大陆碰撞有关,后一事件被认为与高原向外扩展有关,成因是高原的底部岩石圈的剥离和由此引发的均衡反弹。除此以外,在高原内还发生过两次事件,虽然它们没有反应在印度板块运动速率的变化,但是留下的痕迹遍布高原。一次是高原内部区域性挤压缩短的停止,平坦的高原面得以发育,另一次是高原周边山脉的隆升,这两次事件都发生在新生代中期(～25 Ma)。这两次构造事件呈现的"此消彼长"关系反映出高原向外的扩展,成因是否是高原岩石圈底部的剥离还是个未知数。由此可以得出结论,即:中央高原现今的构造与地貌格架定型于早期事件(～25 Ma),而高原周边造山带现今的构造和地貌格架定型于晚期事件(～10 Ma)。即使是新生代中期的扩展事件,在时间上也远远滞后于印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞时间,青藏高原新生代早期(50～35 Ma)在很大程度上仍是一段哑历史,该时期到底发生了什么？这是一个值得探索的科学问题。     

Geochemical discrimination of tectonic setting for Devonian basalts of the Yarrol Province of the New England Orogen,central coastal Queensland: An empirical approach *

Fault blocks and inliers of uppermost Silurian to Middle Devonian strata in the Yarrol Province of central coastal Queensland have been interpreted either as island-arc deposits or as a continental-margin sequence. They can be grouped into four assemblages with different age ranges, stratigraphic successions, geophysical signatures, basalt geochemistry, and coral faunas. Basalt compositions from the Middle Devonian Capella Creek Group at Mt Morgan are remarkably similar to analyses from the modern Kermadec Arc, and are most consistent with an intra-oceanic arc associated with a backarc basin. They cannot be matched with basalts from any modern continental arc, including those with a thin crust (Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes) or those built on recently accreted juvenile oceanic terranes (Eastern Volcanic Front of Kamchatka). Analyses from the other assemblages also suggest island-arc settings, although some backarc basin basalt compositions could be present. Arguments for a continental-margin setting based on structure, provenance, and palaeogeography are not conclusive, and none excludes an oceanic setting for the uppermost Silurian to Middle Devonian rocks. The Mt Morgan gold–copper orebody is associated with a felsic volcanic centre like those of the modern Izu–Bonin Arc, and may have formed within a submarine caldera. The data are most consistent with formation of the Capella Creek Group as an intra-oceanic arc related to an east-dipping subduction zone, with outboard assemblages to the east representing remnant arc or backarc basin sequences. Collision of these exotic terranes with the continent probably coincided with the Middle–Upper Devonian unconformity at Mt Morgan. An Upper Devonian overlap sequence indicates that all four assemblages had reached essentially their present relative positions early in Late Devonian time. Apart from a small number of samples with compositions typical of spreading backarc basins, Upper Devonian basalts and basaltic andesites of the Lochenbar and Mt Hoopbound Formations and the Three Moon Conglomerate are most like tholeiitic or transitional suites from evolved oceanic arcs such as the Lesser Antilles, Marianas, Vanuatu, and the Aleutians. However, they also match some samples from the Eastern Volcanic Front of Kamchatka. Their rare-earth and high field strength element patterns are also remarkably similar to Upper Devonian island arc tholeiites in the ophiolitic Marlborough terrane, supporting a subduction-related origin and a lack of involvement of continental crust in their genesis. Modern basalts from rifted backarc basins do not match the Yarrol Province rocks as well as those from evolved oceanic arcs, and commonly have consistently higher MgO contents at equivalent levels of rare-earth and high field strength elements. One of the most significant points for any tectonic model is that the Upper Devonian basalts become more arc-like from east to west, with all samples that can be matched most readily with backarc basin basalts located along the eastern edge of the outcrop belt. It is difficult to account for all geochemical variations in the Upper Devonian basalts of the Yarrol Province by any simplistic tectonic model using either a west-dipping or an east-dipping subduction zone. On a regional scale, the Upper Devonian rocks represent a transitional phase in the change from an intra-oceanic setting, epitomised by the Middle Devonian Capella Creek Group, to a continental margin setting in the northern New England Orogen in the Carboniferous, but the tectonic evolution must have been more complex than any of the models published to date. Certainly there are many similarities to the southern New England Orogen, where basalt geochemistry indicates rifting of an intra-oceanic arc in Middle to Late Devonian time.     

Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the eastern Karakoram,India

Abstract

The Shyok suture zone separates the Ladakh terrane to the SW from the Karakoram terrane to the NE. Six tectonic units have been distinguished. From south to north these are; 1. Saltoro formation; 2. Shyok volcanites; 3. Saltoro molasse; 4. Ophiolitic melange; 5. Tirit granitoids; 6. Karakoram terrane including the Karakoram batholith. Albian—Aptian Orbitolina-bearing lime-stones and turbidites of the Saltoro formation tectonically overlie high-Mg-tholeiites similar to the tectonically overlying Shyok volcanites. The high-Mg tholeiitic basalts and calcalkaline andesites of the Shyok volcanites show an active margin signature. The Saltoro molasse is an apron-like, moderately folded association of redgreen shales and sandstones that are interbedded with ~ 50 m porphyritic andesite. Desiccation cracks and rain-drop imprints indicate deposition in a subaerial fluvial environment. Rudist fragments from a polygenic conglomerate of the Saltoro molasse document a post-Middle Cretaceous age. The calcalkaline andesites of the Shyok volcanites are intruded by the Tirit granitoids, which are located immediately south of the Ophiolitic melange and belong to a weakly deformed trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite-granite suite. These granitoids are subalkaline, I-type and were emplaced in a volcanic arc setting. The subalkaline to calcalkaline granitoids of the Karakoram batholith are I-and S-type granitoid. The I-type granitoids represent a typical calcalkaline magmatism of a subduction zone environment whereas the S-type granitoids are crustderived, anatectic peraluminous granites. New data suggest that the volcano-plutonic and sedimentary successions of the Shyok suture zone exposed in northern Ladakh are equivalent to the successions exposed along the Northern suture in Kohistan. It is likely that the o istan and Ladakh blocks evolved as one single tectonic domain uring the Cretaceous-Palaeogene. Subsequently, collision, suturing and accretion of the Indian plate along the Indus suture (50–60 Ma) together with tectonic activity along the Nanga Parbataramosh divided Kohistan and Ladakh into two arealy distinct magmatic arc terranes. The activity and a dextral offset along the Karakoram fault (Holocene-Recent) disrupted the original tectonic relationships. © 1999 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

新疆东天山白山钼矿床流体包裹体研究

白山钼矿位于东天山觉罗塔格成矿带东段,是新疆极具代表性的大型-超大型斑岩钼矿.根据矿物共生组合和脉体穿插关系,脉体发育顺序依次为:早期石英-钾长石脉、石英-钾长石-辉钼矿脉、石英-辉钼矿脉、石英-多金属硫化物脉和晚期石英-碳酸盐-萤石脉.早期石英-钾长石脉中主要发育纯CH4包裹体(PC型)、CH4-H2O型包裹体(C1型)和水溶液包裹体(W型),均一温度集中在320 ～420℃,盐度为1.98％ ～ 8.79％ NaCleqv;石英-钾长石-辉钼矿脉中发育含子晶包裹体(S型)和W型包裹体,均一温度集中在260～ 400℃,盐度为1.49％～8.65％ NaCleqv;石英-辉钼矿脉和石英-多金属硫化物脉发育W型、S型和CO2-H2O型包裹体(C2型),均一温度分别为200～ 240℃和140 ～ 240℃,盐度分别为2.14％ ～8.10％ NaCleqv和0.33％～ 10.22％ NaCleqv,不包括不熔子矿物的贡献;晚期石英-碳酸盐-萤石脉只发育W型包裹体,均一温度和盐度明显下降,分别为100～ 160℃和0.17％～4.86％ NaCleqv.估算的石英-钾长石脉体和石英-多金属硫化物脉形成压力分别为105 ～ 221 MPa和15 ～ 285MPa.成矿流体由高温、富碳质、还原的岩浆流体向低温、低盐度、贫碳质的大气降水热液演化.成矿阶段温度下降,早期流体中的CH4还原HMoO4-的高价钼,从而形成辉钼矿,可能是导致成矿物质沉淀的重要因素.