Study on Unified Inter-Spherical Acting of Continental Collision of Tibet Plateau

STUDY ON UNIFIED INTER-SPHERICAL ACTING OF CONTINENTAL COLLISION OF TIBET PLATEAU     

柴北缘锡铁山地区滩间山群构造变形分析

初步构造变形分析表明 ,柴北缘锡铁山地区的早古生代变质火山岩系 -滩间山群在加里东期碰撞造山过程中经历了两期构造变形 :第一期为垂直造山带的挤压缩短变形 ,形成一系列紧闭褶皱、区域片理和大型韧性剪切带 ;第二期为平行造山带的挤压缩短变形 ,形成区域透入性共轭破劈理或膝折带。这两期变形是柴北缘加里东期碰撞造山带的斜向碰撞造山过程中不同阶段变形特征的体现。这种构造型式可能对于认识斜向碰撞造山带的构造动力学的转换过程具有重要意义。     

船艏正撞刚性墙力—撞深关系的简化公式研究

面向工程应用,基于船艏正撞刚性墙的有限元碰撞计算,提出了撞击力—船艏撞深关系的基本简化公式,以应用于船撞桥的质量-弹簧体系简化动力分析模型的有限元计算。使用LS-DYNA软件,通过3000~50000 DWT（dead weight tonnage,载重吨）范围内4艘典型船舶的有限元碰撞分析,得到了船舶在1.0~5.0 m/s冲击速度范围内,与刚性墙面正撞的撞击力—撞深样本曲线。根据对样本曲线的观察,提出了一种基本的撞击力—撞深关系的简化数学公式,并统计得到了公式中各参数的表达式。船桥碰撞实际工况的有限元计算对比表明,提出的简化公式可以满足船桥碰撞简化动力分析的需要。     

湘东地区板杉铺加里东期埃达克质花岗闪长岩的成因及地质意义

湘东地区板杉铺加里东期岩体是一套具埃达克岩性质的花岗闪长岩。该岩石具有高的SiO2(~70%)和Al2O3(~16.5%)、中等高的Na2O/K2O比值(普遍大于1.0,可达1.4)和低但可变的Mg质指数(Mg#= 37-59)。相对高的Sr(均值: 520 ppm)和Ba(1052~1502 ppm)以及低的Y(<12 ppm)和Yb(<1 ppm)丰度,导致该岩石具有低的Rb/Sr(0.17~0.42)、高的Sr/Y(34~64)比值,以及LREE强烈富集[(La/Yb)N= 27 ~ 71]而铕弱负异常(Eu/Eu*= 0.76 ~ 0.91)的稀土配分模式。因此,板杉铺岩体源区岩可能为石榴角闪岩或石榴角闪岩-角闪榴辉岩过渡相。但低Nd和高Sr同位素组成[?Nd(t)= -6.7 ~ -8.4],(87Sr/86Sr)i= 0.7078 ~ 0.7140]说明它们并不来源于俯冲的玄武质洋壳或亏损地幔;而高放射性成因Pb[(206Pb/204Pb)i=18.22~18.78]、高微量元素比值(如Ba/La=~15-28、Th/Ce=0.29-0.36)暗示深海沉积物及再循环的陆源沉积物可能已卷入这些岩石的成因。结合区域地质、地层和构造事件,我们认为,早古生代可能的陆-弧-陆碰撞是导致研究区埃达克质花岗闪长岩产生的重要机制,而源于先前富集地幔的玄武质岩浆底侵则诱导了加厚的中酸性弧下地壳岩石部分熔融。部分熔融产生的岩浆可能经同化混染和分离结晶作用过程最终形成了板杉铺埃达克质花岗闪长岩。华南埃达克质花岗闪长岩的厘定不仅揭示早古生代时期华南地区经历了地壳增生事件,对正确理解华南、特别是扬子板块东南缘Au-Sb-W-Cu等多金属成矿作用还具有重要的意义。     

古特提斯洋俯冲碰撞在南羌塘的岩浆岩证据:西藏荣玛乡冈塘错花岗岩

西藏荣玛乡冈塘错花岗岩岩体分布于南羌塘地块中,由中粗粒巨斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和中细粒含电气石二云母二长花岗岩组成。中粗粒花岗岩的锆石测年结果为214.4±4.0Ma,中细粒花岗岩锆石测年结果为222.2±6.6Ma,均为晚三叠世。中粗粒花岗岩A/CNK为1.00~1.09,刚玉标准分子的百分含量均大于1%(1.84~3.04%),Al2O3的含量均大于14%,属于含白云母过铝质花岗岩。中细粒花岗岩的A/CNK1.1,刚玉标准分子的百分含量均大于1%(2.40~3.42%),Al2O3的含量均大于14%,属于强过铝质S型花岗岩。虽主量元素特征相近,但两类花岗岩的微量元素特征差异较大。根据锆石饱和温度计得出中粗粒花岗岩为高温类型的花岗岩,中细粒花岗岩为低温类型的花岗岩。结合区域地质背景推断中细粒花岗岩形成可能与三叠纪俯冲碰撞作用有关,而中粗粒花岗岩为碰撞后拆沉岩浆底侵的结果。冈塘错岩体中两种成因类型不同的花岗岩的形成时代对古特提斯洋的演化以及缝合带增生杂岩的形成具有时代约束意义。     

西藏尕尔穷-嘎拉勒铜金矿集区火山岩年代学及地球化学

尕尔穷-嘎拉勒铜金矿集区是班-怒结合带南部的重要矿集区.矿集区内发育大面积火山岩, 利用锆石U-Pb年代学方法, 首次精确测定了研究区内不同地层中火山岩年龄, 并结合其岩石地球化学特征探讨了其形成构造背景.研究表明, 区内朗久组火山角砾岩成岩年龄为141.7.0±0.47 Ma(MSWD=0.43), 多爱组流纹岩年龄为136.80±0.48 Ma(MSWD=0.79), 形成时代为早白垩世初期, 属于班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲的岩浆作用响应; 原定多爱组火山角砾岩(GE火山角砾岩)年龄为85.20±0.53 Ma(MSWD=3.40), 形成时代为晚白垩世, 不属于早白垩世多爱组产物, 属于洋盆消亡后羌塘陆块与冈底斯陆块汇聚阶段的火山作用产物, 晚于尕尔穷铜金矿的成矿年龄(86.87±0.50 Ma).岩石地球化学特征表明, 区内火山岩均具有相对富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE), 而亏损Ta、Nb、Yb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)的特征, 显示出弧火山岩特性.结合区域已有火山岩研究资料表明, 在班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲过程中, 从早白垩世初至中晚期均有比较连续的火山作用, 持续时间约为30 Ma(140~110 Ma); 在班公湖-怒江洋盆消亡后的羌塘陆块与冈底斯陆块汇聚晚阶段, 又伴随有晚白垩世火山作用的发生, 该期火山作用与区内成矿岩体年龄相当, 可能为同一岩浆系统的产物. 关键字: 火山岩; 班公湖-怒江特提斯洋; 俯冲; 碰撞; 尕尔穷-嘎拉勒矿集区; 地球化学.      

Strymon and Strymonikos Gulf basins (Northern Greece): Implications on their formation and evolution from faulting

In Central and Eastern Macedonia of Northern Greece large NW–SE trending basins filled up mainly with terrestrial sediments developed during the Neogene over the Alpine basement rocks. Among them, the Strymon basin was established along the NNW–SSE trending Strouma/Strymon Lineament which formed over the tectonic boundary of the Serbomacedonian and Rhodope massifs, both representing the hinterland of the Hellenic orogen. The present study suggests that the Strymon basin was not formed as a syn-detachment basin over the Strymon Valley Detachment Fault, considered to have caused exhumation of the Rhodope massif metamorphic complex. Instead, transpressional s.l. tectonics dominated the region in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene and it progressively changed into a wrench tectonics under which the Strymon basin has been initiated in the Middle Miocene. The basin continued to develop further under a short-lived NW–SE extension in the Middle-Late Miocene. The whole deformation is attributed to the late-stage collisional processes between the Apulia and Eurasia plates. The prevalent NE–SW extension has been constrained later on in the Late Miocene and Pliocene times activating both low-angle and high-angle NW–SE trending faults and causing the regional tilting towards the SW of the mountain fault blocks (i.e., mountain chains). From Quaternary onwards, the Strymon basin has been separated from the Strymonikos Gulf basin due to an N–S extension that mainly activates E–W striking normal faults.     

Platinum‐Group Element Results for Two Cobalt‐Rich Seamount Crust Ultra‐Fine Reference Materials: MCPt‐1and MCPt‐2

Two Co‐rich seamount crust reference materials, MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2, were prepared using ultra‐fine particle size milling technique and characterised for the platinum‐group elements (PGEs). The raw material for these two reference materials was collected separately from the Magellan seamounts of the western Pacific Ocean and the seamounts of the central Pacific Ocean by Russian and Chinese scientists. First, they were ground by ball mill to a ?200 mesh powder, then further processed by ultra‐fine jet mill and well‐mixed. The particle size distributions of the samples were tested by a laser particle analyser; the average particle size was 1.8 and 1.5 μm (equal to about 2000 mesh) respectively. The homogeneity of six major and minor elements in these two materials was tested at the milligram level of sampling mass by high‐precision wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and at the microgram level of sampling mass by electron probe microanalyser. The homogeneity of more than forty trace elements, including Pt, was tested at the microgram level of sampling mass by LA‐ICP‐MS. Except for Rh, all PGEs were determined by isotope dilution‐ICP‐MS. Platinum in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 was characterised as certified values, whereas the other five PGEs in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 were reported as reference values. In addition, the information values of sixty‐two major, minor and trace elements were obtained by XRF, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The minimum sampling mass for the determination of PGEs was 1 g, while the minimum sampling mass for the determination of the other elements was 2–5 mg.     

Evolution of Ataúro Island: Temporal constraints on subduction processes beneath the Wetar zone, Banda Arc

Ataúro is a key to understanding the late stage volcanic and subduction history of the Banda Arc to the north of Timor. A volcanic history of bi-modal subaqueous volcanism has been established and new whole rock and trace element geochemical data show two compositional groups, basaltic andesite and dacite–rhyolite. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of hornblende from rhyo-dacitic lavas confirms that volcanism continued until 3.3 Ma. Following the cessation of volcanism, coral reef marine terraces have been uplifted to elevations of 700 m above sea level. Continuity of the terraces at constant elevations around the island reflects regional-scale uplift most likely linked to sublithospheric processes such as slab detachment. Local scale landscape features of the eastern parts of Ataúro are strongly controlled by normal faults. The continuation of arc-related volcanism on Ataúro until at least 3.3 Ma suggests that subduction of Australian lithosphere continued until near this time. This data is consistent with findings from the earthquake record where the extent of the Wetar seismic gap to a depth of 350 km suggests slab breakoff, as a result of collision, commenced at ∼4 Ma, leading to subsequent regional uplift recorded in elevated terraces on Ataúro and neighbouring islands.