HOME GARDENS IN AMAZONIAN PERU: DIVERSITY AND EXCHANGE OF PLANTING MATERIAL*

ABSTRACT. This article examines how peasant farmers build and maintain agrobiodiversity in home gardens found in two traditional peasant communities along the Marañón River in the Peruvian Amazon. Data were gathered through household and garden surveys as well as in‐depth interviews with garden tenders in an upland mixed agricultural village and a lowland fishing village. Substantial variations in cultivated plant diversity were encountered in gardens between and within the villages, which are found to be related to differential exchange of seeds, cuttings, suckers, and other planting material as well as to specific garden and household characteristics. Planting material flows along multiple pathways—from gift giving and purchase to inheritance and scavenging—to the gardens, reflecting a complex and often extensive network of exchange that enables the establishment and maintenance of home garden plant diversity in seemingly isolated and small communities. Further research is needed to identify broader geographical and sociocultural patterns of agrobiodiversity in Amazonia.     

基于GASA混合策略的BP网络在基准地价测算中的应用

结合遗传算法的并行搜索结构和模拟退火的概率突跳特性 ,提出了一种用于BP网络权值学习的GASA混合策略。以江西省赣县县城商业用地为例 ,应用基于GASA混合策略的BP网络对其基准地价进行了测算 ,并与回归模型方法作了比较。结果表明 ,混合策略能有效地避免BP算法陷入局部极小和网络单目标学习易产生的过拟合现象。将神经网络用于基准地价的测算 ,精度优于常规的回归模型方法。     

基于计算智能的土地适宜性评价模型

将计算智能理论引入土地评价领域，构建了一个全新的土地适宜性评价模型。首先基于模糊逻辑和人工神经网络构造了一个模糊神经网络模型，然后采用改进的遗传算法进行训练，能够快速收敛到最优解，对初始的规则库进行修正，形成了一个自学习、自适应的评价系统。     

Modelling local GPS/levelling geoid undulations using artificial neural networks

The use of GPS for establishing height control in an area where levelling data are available can involve the so-called GPS/levelling technique. Modelling of the GPS/levelling geoid undulations has usually been carried out using polynomial surface fitting, least-squares collocation (LSC) and finite-element methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been used for many investigations, and proven to be effective in solving complex problems represented by noisy and missing data. In this study, a feed-forward ANN structure, learning the characteristics of the training data through the back-propagation algorithm, is employed to model the local GPS/levelling geoid surface. The GPS/levelling geoid undulations for Istanbul, Turkey, were estimated from GPS and precise levelling measurements obtained during a field study in the period 1998–99. The results are compared to those produced by two well-known conventional methods, namely polynomial fitting and LSC, in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) that ranged from 3.97 to 5.73 cm. The results show that ANNs can produce results that are comparable to polynomial fitting and LSC. The main advantage of the ANN-based surfaces seems to be the low deviations from the GPS/levelling data surface, which is particularly important for distorted levelling networks.     

自组织竞争神经网络在决策分析中的应用

在油气田的勘探过程中,通常有多种方法可以采用,每种方法所需要的经济成本均不同,因此需要利用数学工具为油气开采选择一种最为经济的方法。这里充分利用了人工神经网络的高度智能性,给出了网络训练权值及网络训练以后的权值拓扑结构,并从理论上保证了其分类的可靠性。结合该工程中具体的数据进行了分类处理,实现了三维数据下的聚类分析,得到了良好的分类效果。最好对该算法进行了总结和分析,表明该算法具有很大的灵活性和可扩展性。     

北京地磁台天文方位角测量及误差分析

论述了北京地磁台天文方位标志的选点定位、造标埋设、方位角的测量方法。对８个观测墩位一个测点进行了方位角测量。通过计算方位角绝对精度ΔＡ＝２．４９″，平均观测均方差Ｍ＝±１．１４″，相当于三等天文观测精度，能满足地磁偏角６″的精度要求。     

Globalisation and regional integration: the case of the Italian urban system

A recent study on the European integration of the Italian urban system shows that globalisation processes do not necessarily separate cities from their regional networks. The most successful cases of recent urban development in Italy are associated with the formation of metropolitan networked regions in which a major metropolitan centre is linked with cities of a lower level by hierarchical, complementary and synergetic relations. The paper examines the result of an analysis carried out on 148 major Italian daily urban systems. It takes into account two sets of indicators: one referring to the supraregional network interactions, measuring the degree of globalisation, and one referring to the proximity interactions inside the regional networks, measuring the degree of regional cohesion. They allow the definition of typologies of urban systems founded on a (normally positive) correlation between supraregional functional openness and regional integration.     

THE SACRED,THE REGIONAL,AND THE DIGITAL*

ABSTRACT. As an information economy and a cultural hallmark, cyberspace belies traditional boundaries yet involves a distinctive territory, citizenry, literature, technology, capital and finance, ritual, weapons and belligerencies, a recognizable past, and variegated if unspecified futures. Not easily quantified is the geography of so elusive and placeless an entity, and its technology has been variously portrayed as utopian, liberating, elitist, or enslaving; in it are brought to life strains of technological determinism. Maps of cyberspace can be forged only with utmost difficulty, and it is best beloved and imagined in dense cyberpunk fiction. Part sacred space, part ethereal region, part digital fact, cyberspace involves a regional geography perhaps best captured in a koan: What is the place where everyone is but nobody lives?     

Asymptotic Rayleigh instantaneous unit hydrograph

The instantaneous unit hydrograph for a channel network under general linear routing and conditioned on the network magnitude,N, tends asymptotically, asN grows large, to a Rayleigh probability density function. This behavior is identical to that of the width function of the network, and is proven under the assumption that the network link configuration is topologically random and the link hydraulic and geometric properties are independent and identically distributed random variables. The asymptotic distribution depends only on a scale factor, , where is a mean link wave travel time.