西太平洋海底平顶山研究

太平洋西部海底有很多平顶海山，在这些平顶海山的斜坡上，分布着富钴结壳。以近年来“海洋四号”船在西太平洋调查的资料为依据，通过对平顶山的地形地貌、表层沉积物和沉积地层以及岩石特征的分析研究，认为这些海底平顶山原来是一些出露于海平面的火山岛屿，在海浪的冲击和海流、海水的冲刷、侵蚀作用下，逐渐削蚀成略低于海面的平台，以后平台逐渐下沉，经过漫长的地质岁月，终于成为隐藏于海面以下1000－2000m的海底平顶山。     

基于AutoCAD的大比例尺数字化地形图缩编方法探讨

大比例尺数字化地形图在城镇建设中起着重要的作用,而传统地形图缩编技术效率较低。本文以泰宁县1∶500数字化地形图缩编1∶2000地形图为例,充分利用AutoCAD平台的二次开发和共同特征选取功能,采用半自动和手动相结合的方法,大大提高了缩编效率,为大比例尺地形图缩编提供了一种新的思路。     

临潼-长安断裂构造发育特征——基于人工地震探测结果分析

临潼-长安断裂地处黄土区,黄土稳定性差,以往多采用地面和遥感地质调查等方法加以研究。由于受黄土塬边滑坡或湿陷性影响,得到的断层剖面构造特征不但深度有限可靠性差,而且深部的构造特征仅具有推测性质。地震勘探是探测深部地质构造最有效的地球物理勘探方法之一。利用地震探测获得了深达千余m的地质剖面,并从区域构造研究入手,划分了临潼-长安断裂与周至-户县凹陷、骊山凸起的分界,确定了临潼-长安断裂的总体剖面构造特征。      

西北地区伏期干旱特征及影响因子分析

利用西北的甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆四省(区)140个气象观测站1971—2000年的伏期（7—8月）总降水、蒸发资料计算湿润指数,用REOF方法对伏期干旱的时空特征进行了分析,选取5个典型干旱和湿润的年份,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对比了干旱和湿润年份的500 hPa高度、700 hPa 湿度、SST和OLR的距平场特征。结果表明:西北干旱具有一致性,西北地区东部区、青海西北部及甘肃河西区、南疆区和北疆区是西北伏期干旱的异常区域。20世纪70年代前期、90年代后期干旱明显,80年代较湿润。干旱年中国北方的环流形势为西高东低,冷空气活动在西伯利亚,新疆高脊强盛, 西太平洋副热带高压较弱,700 hPa湿度距平场青藏高原中部、西亚及西太平洋为负,SST距平场太平洋北部和西太平洋为负,赤道太平洋为正,OLR距平场中国北方、印度半岛和西太平洋为正距平,而且印度半岛的正距平比湿润年份高。湿润年欧亚500 hPa高度距平场呈西正东负的分布,乌拉尔山脊强盛,东亚槽深,中国大陆700 hPa湿度为正距平场,水汽最大中心位于青藏高原,SST距平场太平洋北部和西部为正距平,日本、太平洋中部和赤道为负,OLR距平场中国大陆以负距平为主,中心位于甘肃中部和南疆盆地。     

基于ASTER数据遥感影像的决策树分类

以黑龙江省北安市为研究区域,尝试利用ASTER视反射率值进行便利、准确的土地利用分类研究。对ASTER数据进行波段相关分析,确定最佳组合波段;然后重点分析转换为视反射率值的影像特征和光谱特征,从中提取各种典型地物的光谱曲线; 并依据提取的光谱曲线建立基于地物反射率值大小关系或阈值的决策树模型,对研究区不同地物类型进行分类,并对结果进行精度评价。应用效果表明,该方法简单有效,但对于混合光谱容易错分。     

甘肃黄土高原春季透雨日期的气候特征

利用甘肃黄土高原和宁夏回族自治区中南部1971—2000年67个站的春季第一场透雨日期资料和美国NCEP/NCAR高空环流、OLR资料,用EOF和REOF方法分析了春季第一场透雨日期的时空分布特征,并且选透雨日期典型早年与迟年对其与高空环流和OLR的关系进行了分析。结果表明,研究区北部透雨平均日期迟, 在5月下旬, 而南部早, 在4月中旬;20世纪70年代透雨日期偏迟,80年代透雨日期偏早,90年代偏迟。透雨早年500 hPa 4月平均高度距平场呈东正西负,500 hPa和700 hPa 4月平均流场青藏高原及我国西部为辐合区,700 hPa和500 hPa 4月平均湿度距平场西北地区为正距平中心,OLR平均距平中纬度负距平呈东西分布,青藏高原东部有负距平中心;透雨迟年500 hPa 4月平均高度距平场呈西正东负,500 hPa和700 hPa 4月平均流场高原上以偏西气流为主,700 hPa和500 hPa 4月平均湿度距平场正距平中心位于我国南部,与透雨早年相比明显偏南10个纬度,OLR平均负距平明显偏小。     

南海海盆新生代的构造演化史

南海海盆地的地壳为洋壳，在新生代它经历了大西洋海底扩张的演化历史，海盆中有三个残留的海底扩张中心，并发生过两次海底扩张。第一次海底扩张发生在晚始新斩新世，扩张方向为北西－南东向，产生了南海西北海盆和西南海盆。     

Morphostructure and evolution of the central and Eastern Bransfield Basins (NW Antarctic Peninsula)

The Bransfield Basin is a narrow and elongated active rift basin located between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands. The Bransfield Basin is composed of three small basins, and two of them, the Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins, were surveyed during a recent cruise (GEBRA 93). The full swath bathymetry coverage as well as the single-channel seismic reflection and magnetic profiles that have been acquired, help us to better understand the morphostructure and recent evolution of the Bransfield Basin. Six large volcanic edifices aligned with the basin axis stick out of the sedimented seafloor of the Central Bransfield Basin. In contrast, the Eastern Bransfield Basin is characterised by four deep troughs displaying a rhombic-shape, and small, scattered volcanic cones located in the southwestern half basin. Seamount volcanism plays an important role in the formation of new crust in the Bransfield Basin. The larger seamounts of the Central Bransfield Basin are located at the intersection of the two main orthogonal sets of faults (longitudinal ENE-WSW and transversal NNW-SSE). Morphological analysis of the seamounts indicates a multi-staged volcano-tectonic construction. The distribution and shape of these edifices suggests that both volcanism and extension are concentrated at the same preferential areas through time. This might be related to the fracturation style of the continental crust. The Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins are very different in morphostructure, volcanism, and sedimentary cover. The Central Bransfield Basin shows evidence of NW-SE extensional faulting and focused active MORB-volcanism interpreted as result of incipient seafloor spreading. The Eastern Bransfield Basin is still in a rifting stage, mainly dominated by a NW-SE extension and some left-lateral strike-slip component probably related to the South Scotia Ridge.J. Acosta, J. Baraza, P. Bart, A.M. Calafat, J.L. Casamor, M. De Batist, G. Ercilla, G. Francés, E. Ramos, J.L. Sanz, and A. Tassone.     

A Comparison Between GEBCO Sheet 5.17 and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 1.0

In 1979, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) published Sheet 5.17 in the Fifth Edition of its series of global bathymetric maps. Sheet 5.17 covered the northern polar region above 64° N, and was for long the authoritative portrayal of Arctic bathymetry. The GEBCO compilation team had access to an extremely sparse sounding database from the central Arctic Ocean, due to the difficulty of mapping in this permanently ice covered region. In the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in the database of central Arctic Ocean bathymetry, due to the declassification of sounding data collected by US and British Navy nuclear submarines, and to the capability of modern icebreakers to measure ocean depths in heavy ice conditions. From these data sets, evidence has mounted to indicate that many of the smaller (and some larger) bathymetric features of Sheet 5.17 were poorly or wrongly defined. Within the framework of the project to construct the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), all available historic and modern data sets were compiled to create a digital bathymetric model. In this paper, we compare both generally and in detail the contents of GEBCO Sheet 5.17 and version 1.0 of IBCAO, two bathymetric portrayals that were created more than 20 years apart. The results should be helpful in the analysis and assessment of previously published studies that were based on GEBCO Sheet 5.17. Ron Macnab: Retired.     

Detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea,China: The result of Holocene erosional and depositional processes sculpting the offshore continental shelf

High-resolution multi-beam/single-beam bathymetric data and seismic profiling data from the latest surveys are used to map and interpret the detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea (NYS), China. The mapping area covers 156 410 km2, and incorporates a flat shelf plain, subaqueous accumulation shoals, tidal scouring troughs, and tidal sand ridge groups. Offshore areas with water depths less than 50 m in the western region of the NYS are mainly covered by thick, loose sediments, forming wide spread accumulation geomorphological features; these include the Liaodong Peninsula subaqueous accumulation system containing shoals and rugged scouring troughs, and the large mud wedge of the Shandong Peninsula. In the central part of the NYS, there is a relatively flat residual shelf plain with coarser sediment deposits. This flat shelf plain has a water depth larger than 50 m and a thin layer of sediment, on which there is a large pockmark field caused by seafloor seepage. These geomorphological structures indicate that modern sedimentary processes are the main driving force controlling the sculpture of the current seafloor surface landform. Extensive strong tidal current systems and abundant sediment sources provide the critical external forces and essential conditions for the formation of seafloor geomorphology. The tectonic basement controls the macroscopic morphological shape of the NYS, but is reflected very little in the seafloor geomorphic elements. Our results provide a detailed seafloor geomorphological map of the western region of the NYS, an area that has not previously mapped and also provide a scientific framework for further research into offshore seafloor geomorphology, shelf sedimentary processes, and submarine engineering construction in this region.