中强地震时间预测研究

本文假定中强震孕育时, 相应于区域应力场的变化, 地震活动出现相对均匀—不均匀—不均匀增强的过程, 以此为物理基础, 取区域地震的发震时间相关参数组成样本空间, 寻求描述地震事件在时间轴上丛集性的变异系数的变化与相应中强地震发生时间的关系。 近几年的实际应用效果表明该研究对中强地震时间预测有意义。     

卫星云图在预报哈尔滨春季沙尘天气中的应用

利用卫星图像资料与常规探测资料,分析2000-2007年春季哈尔滨飞行区域的沙尘天气,结果发现:造成沙尘天气的蒙古气旋可分为高、低压同时发展型和强低压发展型;大风和对流层底层大气的湍流运动是造成沙尘的主要因素。     

多普勒天气雷达速度场特征及在人工增雨中的应用

对大连2003-2005年降水天气过程的多普勒雷达速度场资料进行统计和分析,得到几种雷达回波速度场特征对降水变化及人工增雨作业的影响,总结了雷达回波速度场的零速度线呈"S"型、"弓"型和速度不对称型几种常见的分布特征对人工增雨潜力分析和作业条件判别的辅助判据指标.并结合EVAD技术和变分法定量计算大气平均散度和垂直速度方法,对大连2006年夏季一次人工增雨作业过程进行了分析,得到了回波速度场特征与计算的平均散度和垂直速度的较好的配合关系.     

应用扫描电镜与X射线能谱仪研究柳江盆地上石盒子组砂岩孔隙与矿物成分特征

柳江盆地是国家级地质遗迹自然保护区,位于河北省秦皇岛市北部的燕山脚下。该区内的二叠系上石盒子组砂岩的岩石学研究工作多集中于宏观野外地质观测,缺少微观尺度下对上石盒子组孔隙特征和矿物组分特征的研究。本文在野外地质观察与剖面实测基础上,采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱测试,分析了柳江盆地上石盒子组砂岩的孔隙特征与成分特征。结果表明,柳江盆地上石盒子组以含砾粗砂岩、中砂岩与粉砂岩-泥岩互层为主,具有"二元结构"。扫描电镜下观察发现上石盒子组砂岩孔隙包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙两大类,次生孔隙依据孔隙形态与分布位置又可分为粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、微裂隙和晶间微孔。砂岩矿物组成含量最多的矿物为石英和长石,其次为高岭石和绿泥石等黏土矿物;黏土矿物的种类组合特征表明,上石盒子组砂岩处于中成岩阶段早期。     

不同胶结宽度粒间胶结特性试验研究

胶结砂土中水泥含量、能源土中水合物的含量会导致其宏观力学特性的差异,从微观层面可以解释为颗粒之间胶结物含量的不同所导致的粒间力学性质的差异所致。为研究不同胶结物含量的胶结颗粒的力学特性,进行了不同胶结宽度的粒间胶结试验,试验结果表明：（1）峰值压缩荷载随胶结宽度的减小呈非线性变化,宽高比对峰值荷载有明显影响;（2）峰值拉伸荷载随胶结宽度减小而线性减小,宽高比对其影响不大;（3）峰值剪切荷载和峰值扭矩由两部分组成,即胶结部分和摩擦部分。且其变化趋势相似,随着法向荷载的增大,峰值荷载先随之增大,在达到临界应力比后,峰值荷载开始减小,当应力比达到1,即胶结破坏时,胶结部分不再发挥作用,此时粒间荷载由摩擦部分提供;（4）在压-剪-扭试验中,不同初始偏心距情况下得到的峰值荷载在剪力-扭矩平面内呈椭圆状。     

Seafloor Habitat Mapping on the Oregon Continental Margin: A Spatially Nested GIS Approach to Mapping Scale,Mapping Methods,and Accuracy Quantification

We implement a geographic information system (GIS) to map surficial geologic habitats (SGH) with varying scales at Nehalem Bank, Oregon, USA. Geologic interpretation was first used to produce a regional-scale SGH map of mega habitats. Local-scale algorithmic classification techniques were then implemented where data density and richness permitted the mapping of meso (10 m-1 km) macro scale (1–10 m) habitat features. We use a ranked-(data) density approach to assess the distribution and quality of input data for the regional SGH map. We then apply a virtual reference dataset and error matrix technique to assess the thematic accuracy of local-scale maps.     

Processing Multibeam Backscatter Data

A new highly precise source of data has recently become available using multibeam sonar systems in hydrography. Multibeam sonar systems can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as high-resolution seafloor sonar images. We utilize the seafloor backscatter strength data of each beam from multibeam sonar and the automatic classification technology so that we can get the seafloor type identification maps. In this article, analyzing all kinds of error effects in backscatter strength, data are based on the relationship between backscatter strength and seafloor types. We emphasize particularly analyzing the influences of local bottom slope and near nadir reflection in backscatter strength data. We also give the correction algorithms and results of these two influent factors. After processing the raw backscatter strength data and correcting error effects, we can get processed backscatter strength data which reflect the features of seafloor types only. Applying the processed backscatter strength data and mosaicked seafloor sonar images, we engage in seafloor classification and geomorphy interpretation in future research.     

TEM investigations of South Atlantic Ridge 13.2°S hydrothermal area

According to the exploration contract about polymetallic sulfides in the SWIR （Southwest Indian Ridge） signed by China with the International Seabed Authority, to delineate sulfide minerals and estimate resource quantity are urgent tasks. We independently developed our first coincident loop Transient Electromagnetic Method （TEM） device in 2010, and gained the TEM data for seafloor sulfide at South Atlantic Ridge 13.2°S in June 2011. In contrast with the widely applied CSEM （Marine controlled-source electromagnetic） method, whose goal is to explore hydrocarbons （oil/gas） of higher resistivity than seawater from 102 to 103 m below the sea floor, the TEM is for low resistivity minerals, and the target depth is from 0 to 100 m below the sea floor. Based on the development of complex sulfide geoelectrial models, this paper analyzed the TEM data obtained, proposing a new method for seafloor sulfide detection. We present the preliminary trial results, in the form of apparent resistivity sections for both half-space and full-space conditions. The results cor- respond well with the observations of the actual hydrothermal vent area, and the detection depth reached 50-100m below the bed, which verified the capability of the equipment.     

New discovery of seafloor hydrothermal activity on the Indian Ocean Carlsberg Ridge and Southern North Atlantic Ridge—progress during the 26th Chinese COMRA cruise

The 26th Chinese COMRA (China Ocean Mineral Resources Research & Development Association) cruise was an important cruise. The Carlsberg Ridge (CR) of the Northwest Indian Ocean and the North Atlantic Ridge (NAR), in which less investigation has been carried out for hydrothermal activities, were investigated and studied during the first two legs of the 26th COMRA cruise. During the first leg, we found one hydrothermal activity field located in the CR at 3.5 -3.8 N on the Northwest Indian Ocean Ridge (NWIR), and sampled seafloor polymetallic sulfide deposits where only abnormalities were found before. During the second leg, we found a new hydrothermal anomaly field located in the NAR at 4 -7 N. The discovery of two hydrothermal and anomaly fields filled in the gap of hydrothermal investigation and study in the corresponding regions for China.     

Liquefaction in the coastal environment: An analysis of case histories

Abstract

The stability of coastal and underwater slopes and seafloor sediments is of major importance for waives, breakwaters, pipelines, jacket platforms, and gravity platforms. A major source of instability in cohesionless sediments is the result of the liquefaction. This paper explores the various mechanisms causing liquefaction in the marine environment and then reviews a large number of case studies.