辽东湾西部滨海地区海水入侵研究

通过对19个观测井2年定期、连续的水位观测,以及水质主要9种离子浓度分析,阐述了辽东湾西部沿岸海水入侵的分布特征。根据海水入侵区地下水中主要离子浓度与地下水的相关关系,总结了随着海水入侵的发展地下水化学类型的变化。地下水化学类型分为5大类型:Na+-Cl-型、Cl-.HCO3-或HCO3-.Cl-型(阳离子为Ca2+.Na+)、HCO3-.Cl-.SO42-或Cl-.HCO3-.SO42-型水(阳离子为Ca2+)、SO42-.HCO3-型(阳离子为Na+.Ca2+)、HCO3-型(阳离子为Ca2+.Na+)。该区地下水水化学类型呈带状分布,类型变化规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征。当淡水开采时,水位降深越大,微咸水入侵强度越大。控制淡水开采是防止微咸水入侵的主要措施。     

台风“摩羯”和“利奇马”经渤海强度变化特征分析

利用FY 4水汽云图、NCEP/FNL资料、自动站资料和ERA Interim海温资料,分析入海增强台风“摩羯”（1814）和入海减弱台风“利奇马”（1909）经过渤海强度变化特征。结论如下：台风“摩羯”中心入海增强过程伴随着中高层冷空气侵入,冷空气深入“摩羯”云系中心,台风强度减弱并逐渐消亡。台风“利奇马”入海前冷空气已经侵入台风中心,台风入海后强度减弱,暖心结构变得不对称,低层有清晰的斜压特征。“摩羯”入海前渤海上空为强辐散区,“利奇马”入海前渤海上空为弱辐合场,北上前进方向出现高空辐散有利于台风加强。台风登陆前垂直风切变与台风强度反位相分布,北上后台风垂直风切变与台风强度同位相分布。“摩羯”入海后水汽通道出现断裂,其入海增强更多依赖于热力条件和动力条件。“利奇马”水汽通量和水汽通量散度源于自身环流的贡献。台风“摩羯”入海后潜热加热率激增,“利奇马”低层维持弱潜热加热直至台风消亡。     

经济手段在海岸带环境管理中的应用

简要阐述了环境经济学的基本理论,并以青岛为例,分析了海岸带环境管理现状和现行经济手段存在的问题,提出了运用经济手段加强海岸带环境管理的建议。     

基于陆海统筹的海岸带空间功能分区——以宁波市为例

海岸带空间功能分区是优化海岸带开发与保护的基础性工作,在国土空间规划体系中具有重要作用。当前我国海陆功能分区在分区层级、分区方法等方面并不一致,导致海岸带保护与开发利用失衡。本文在梳理国内外海岸带空间功能分区研究的基础上,从陆海统筹角度出发,构建海岸带空间功能分区体系,并以宁波市为例进行验证,在优先划定生态保护区基础上,对海陆空间进行适宜性评价,根据评价结果确定功能分区。结果表明：（1）宁波市海岸带功能区中生态保护区面积占比约为60%,海陆一体发展区占比约为22.3%,海洋发展区占比约为12.5%,陆地发展区占比约为5.2%;(2)宁波市开发利用功能区空间分布与以临港产业、海洋服务业和海洋渔业为基础的海洋经济发展导向相符。海岸带空间功能分区要以生态保护为底线,以优化空间布局为导向,为优化海岸带开发与保护提供有力支撑。     

新乡市土地集约利用探讨

随着城镇化进程的快速推进,新乡市城乡建设、基础设施建设等对增量建设用地的需求日趋旺盛,但土地供应量受可利用土地资源和国家相关政策的制约,土地供需矛盾突出.在对新乡市土地利用集约水平和存量土地资源现状及土地集约利用潜力分析的基础上,提出了集约用地的对策措施.通过集约利用土地,实现土地资源合理有效配置,提高土地利用效率,使有限的土地资源供给能够满足经济社会持续发展的需要.     

黄河流域NDVI/土地利用对蒸散发时空变化的影响

基于蒸散发(ET)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及土地利用数据利用M-K检验、Sen趋势分析等方法,研究2001—2015年黄河流域ET时空分布及不同植被覆盖/土地利用下的ET变化规律.结果 表明:(1)黄河流域年均ET呈东南高西北低的空间分布格局,与植被覆盖和土地利用的关系具有较好的一致性;(2)黄河流域ET、NDVI...     

基于深度学习的海温观测数据质量控制应用研究

基于国家海洋信息中心质量控制后的西太平洋10度方区约100万站次温盐实测历史调查资料,对经过26种严格质量控制方法的综合海温质量符进行分类分析,首次将深度学习技术应用于海洋数据质量控制多分类(multiclass classification)算法与应用研究.通过人工合成少数类样本和加权损失函数方法减少多数类的频率来降...     

Suspended sediment transport regime in a debris‐flow gully on Vancouver Island,British Columbia

In debris‐flow‐prone channels, normal fluvial sediment transport occurs (nearly exclusively in suspended mode) between episodic debris‐flow events. Observations of suspended sediment transport through a winter season in a steepland gully in logged terrain revealed two event types. When flows exceeded a threshold of 270 l s⁻¹, events yielded significant quantities of sediment and suspended sediment concentration increased with flow. Smaller events were strongly ‘supply limited’; sediment concentration decreased as flow increased. Overall, there is no consistent correlation between runoff and sediment yield. Within the season, three subseasons were identified (demarcated by periods of freezing weather) within which a pattern of fine sediment replenishment and evacuation occurred. Finally, a signature of fine sediment mobilization and exhaustion was observed within individual events. Fine sediment transport occurred in discrete pulses within storm periods, most of the yield occurring within 5 to 15% of storm runoff duration, so that it is unlikely that scheduled sampling programs would identify significant transport. Significant events are, however, generally forecastable on the basis of regional heavy rainfall warnings, providing a basis for targeted observations. Radiative snowmelt events and rain‐on‐snow remain difficult to forecast, since the projection of temperatures from the nearest regular weather station yields variable results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source pollution in the Xizhi River watershed,Guangdong, China

The Annualized Agricultural Non‐point Source (AnnAGNPS) pollution model has been widely used to assess and predict runoff, soil erosion, sediment and nutrient loading with a geographic information system. This article presents a case study of the effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution using the AnnAGNPS model in the Xizhi River watershed, eastern Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province, China. The land‐use changes in the Xizhi River watershed between 1998 and 2003 were examined using the multitemporal remote sensing data. The runoff, soil erosion, sediment transport and nutrient loading 1998 and 2003 were assessed using AnnAGNPS. The effects of land‐use changes on NPS were studied by comparing the simulation results of each year. Our results showed that (i) the NPS loadings increased when forest and grass land converted into paddy, orchard and farmland land, and population size and gross domestic product size as well as the usage amounts of fertilizer and pesticide in the entire watershed were firmly correlated with the NPS loadings; (ii) the land‐use change during fast urbanization in particular when other land types were converted into the development land and buildup land led to increasing of NPS pollution; and (iii) urban land expansion showed more important effects on total organic carbon (TOC) loading compared with nitrogen and phosphorus loadings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of rural land management signals in runoff response

Rural land management signals in catchment‐scale runoff have proven difficult to identify in general. The Pontbren experimental catchment in upland Wales, UK, provides a new data set with which to address this challenge. This data set includes more than 4 years of data from six tipping bucket rainfall gauges and eight stream flow gauges representing different land management regimes at different scales. Data‐based mechanistic rainfall–runoff models were fitted to this data set using the CAPTAIN toolbox. The spatial and temporal variabilities of model parameters were identified and interpreted where possible. The analysis highlighted a dependency between the modelled residence time and the presence of agriculturally improved grassland, which produced a flashier response than grassland in a more natural condition. Another factor found to strongly affect the spatial variability of runoff response was the presence of lakes, while catchment area had a less pronounced effect, and the influence of trees, steepness and soil type could not be identified. Some time variability of response was observed but this was not consistent across the catchment and could not easily be interpreted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.