Erosion mechanism of local scour around cushioned caisson on reinforced ground

The scour behavior of cushioned caisson constructed on reinforced ground, which is used to support superstructure constructed in deep water in seismic zones, was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Flume tests under nine different flow velocities between 18 and 48?cm/s were performed based on hydraulic similarity design. Complementary numerical simulations were also conducted for the flow velocities ranging from 16 to 46?cm/s. Five typical working modes of the foundation under erosion, namely, ideal working, well working, edge failure, shear failure, and total failure, are analyzed together with their potential impacts on seismic-designed foundation. The critical shear stress, local flow structures, and streamlines were used as the key factors to analyze the change of bed materials and the scour characteristics. Fluid–solid interaction model was built by computational fluid dynamics with sediment transport model, and k–ε turbulent model has been implemented to describe the turbulence in the fluid phase typical of scour process. The mechanisms of two possible failure models for the foundation layer elements were identified, based on which recommendations were provided for scour protection to ensure the integrity and performance of seismic-designed foundations. The integrated computational model and model experiments also demonstrate a framework to understand the local scour mechanism for the cushioned caisson on reinforced ground.     

Clear-water scour around semi-elliptical abutments with armored beds

Experimental study has been carried out under a clear-water scour condition to explore the local scour around semi-elliptical model bridge abutments with armor-layer bed, compared with the local scour process around semi-circular abutment. Two types of model bridge abutments, namely semi-elliptical and semi-circular abutments have been used in this experimental study. The model abutments had a ratio of streamwise length of abutment to the length of abutment transverse to the flow of 2 for semi-circular abutments and 3 for semi-elliptical abutments. In total, 50 Experiments have been designed and conducted under different flow conditions such as bed shear velocities, flow depth, and dimensions of bridge abutment model, as well as grain size of the bed material. Based on these experiments, the scour process around bridge abutments has been assessed. The dependence of the equilibrium scour depth of the scour hole on hydraulic variables has been studied. Empirical equation describing the equilibrium scour depth of the scour hole around bridge abutments has been developed.     

Effects of riverbed scour on seismic performance of high-rise pile cap foundation

To explore the seismic performance of a high-rise pile cap foundation with riverbed scour, a finite element model for foundations is introduced in the OpenSees finite element framework. In the model, a fiber element is used to simulate the pile shaft, a nonlinear p-y element is used to simulate the soil-pile interaction, and the p-factor method is used to reflect the group effects. A global and local scour model is proposed, in which two parameters, the scour depth of the same row of piles and the difference in the scour depth of the upstream pile and the downstream pile, are included to study the influence of scour on the foundation. Several elasto-plastic static pushover analyses are performed on this finite element model. The analysis results indicate that the seismic capacity (or supply) of the foundation is in the worst condition when the predicted deepest global scout depth is reached, and the capacity becomes larger when the local scour depth is below the predicted deepest global scout depth. Therefore, to evaluate the seismic capacity of a foundation, only the predicted deepest global scout depth should be considered. The method used in this paper can be also applied to foundations with other soil types.     

后台阶下游床面冲刷过程数值模拟研究

以床面瞬时剪应力作为泥沙起动及输运的水动力机制,建立了结构物周围复杂流场下床面局部冲刷的数学模型。并应用大涡模拟方法对后台阶下游三维湍流流动进行数值模拟,得到台阶下游床面瞬时剪应力的分布规律。为了确定床面瞬时剪应力与泥沙上扬通量的关系,先应用数学模型对不同模型参数下,冲刷开始后5分钟时台阶下游床面形状进行试算。通过试算与实验结果的比较,确定床面瞬时剪应力与泥沙上扬通量关系中需要的模型参数。进一步对冲刷开始后30分钟内台阶下游床面演化规律进行模拟,模拟结果与实验结果相符合。     

一个失败地基处理工程的剖析

本文揭示了一个失败的地基处理工程实例,分析了导致失败的直接原因,以供同行们借鉴。     

苏通长江公路大桥桥区河床抗冲性能试验研究

针对交通、水利工程中遇到的实际问题，采用现场原状土取样，并通过封闭管道水力试验，得到原状土起动的临界切应力及冲刷率，并通过公式换算得到原状土的起动流速，这一方法可用来确定物理模型试验中动床模型设计参数，并可为设计部门提供科学依据。     

Numerical Simulation of Wave Scour Around A Large-Scale Circular Cylinder

A numerical model is developed for estimation of local scour around a large circular cylinder under vvave action. The model includes wave diffraction around structures, bed shear stress calculation inside the vvave boundary layer and topo-graphical change model. The vvave model is based on the improved Boussinesq equations for varying depth. The vvave boundary layer is calculaled by solving the integrated momentum equation over the boundary layer. The bed shear stress due to streaming, an important factor affecting the sediment transport around a large-scale cylinder, is calculated. The Lagrangian drift velocity is included in calculation of the suspended sediment transport rates. The model is implemented by a finite element method and the results from the present model, which agree well with experimental data, are com-pared vvith those from other methods.     

Developing empirical formulas for assessing the scour of vertical and inclined piers

Abstract

Because scour is one of the main reasons for bridge failure, this study focuses on accurately predicting the maximum scour depth around different vertical and inclined piers. Scouring is an issue of concern in the bridge design process, as most existing equations for predicting local scour near bridge piers suffer from over- or underprediction issues, resulting in higher foundation costs or bridge failure and inaccurate predictions of the scour around piers. The dimensionless maximum scour depths (y_s/D) of vertical and inclined piers were investigated for seven pier shapes with different L/D ratios and four inclination angles (θ) under shallow flow conditions. The inclined pier configuration reduced the y_s/D of the piers. The maximum y_s/D was observed for a rectangular pier with an L/D of 4.5 in both vertical and inclined configurations (θ of 10, 15 and 21°, respectively). The y_s/D was significantly decreased by increasing the angle of the pier from 10 to 30°. The y_s/D of the inclined rectangular piers decreased as θ decreased from 30 to 10° and the L/D ratio increased from 1 to 4.5. The best y_s/D results were obtained for inclined rectangular piers at a θ value of 30° and an L/D ratio of 7.5 compared to other shapes and inclination angles. New equations were developed to predict the local scour depth for circular, square and rectangular bridge piers. The equations yielded excellent results for predicting the maximum clear water scour depth around vertical and inclined piers with inclination angles of 10, 15, 21 and 30°, respectively.     

泥质河口闸下冲淤特性及冲淤量的分析预报

通过泥质河口建闸工程闸下淤积特性的分析研究表明,闸下河段淤积的条件是涨潮流带入河段的泥沙数量大于落潮流从河段内带走的泥沙数量。其水动力原因是径流量减小和潮波变形。在此基础上提出了建闸工程和建闸与双导堤相结合闸下淤积和冲刷的分析预报方法,这些冲淤分析预报方法得到了相关工程的实测资料及浑水动床物模试验结果的验证。     

束流型拦砂坝溢流口及其关键参数确定

为进一步优化拦砂坝溢流口体型,确定溢流口几何参数取值,通过物理模拟实验研究了不同拦砂坝溢流口体型条件下泥石流过坝的流态、坝后冲刷深度、消能率变化规律,并根据拦砂坝埋深设计标准与松散体水下临界平衡关系,探讨了溢流口收缩率的合理取值范围,结果表明:采用斜面或者大倾角的反弧型溢流口时,坝后泥石流落点与坝脚的距离近、冲刷深度大,而采用无倾角的反弧型溢流面时,不仅可以在一定程度上减小冲刷深度,而且大大增加了坝后泥石流落点与坝脚的距离;在泥石流规模与溢流面曲率半径相同情况下,适当增大侧向收缩率,有利于增强泥石流体与坝后动床之间的相互作用,提高泥石流通过坝后冲刷坑的消能率;当溢流口收缩率在0.2~0.6之间时,冲刷深度满足设计要求,且泥石流跌落点距坝脚较远,冲刷坑发展不会危及坝体安全。